Growth monitoring indicated that the height of ‘Kanshu’ plants with ‘Nantong-xiaofangshi’ as an interstock was significantly shorter than that of ‘Kanshu’ plants with no interstock. A transcriptome analysis of the two graft combinations (‘Kanshu’/
Diospyros lotus
and ‘Kanshu’/‘Nantong-xiaofangshi’/
Diospyros lotus
) was conducted to explore the dwarfing genes related to the use of the ‘Nantong-xiaofangshi’ interstock. Hormone levels and water conductance were also measured in these two graft combinations. The results indicated that the levels of both IAA and GA were lower in ‘Kanshu’ that had been grafted onto the ‘Nantong-xiaofangshi’ interstock than in ‘Kanshu’ with no interstock; additionally, the water conductance was lower in grafts with interstocks than in grafts without interstocks. The expression of
AUX/IAA
and auxin-responsive
GH3
genes was enhanced in scions grafted on the interstock and was negatively correlated with the IAA content and growth of scions. The expression of
GA2ox
,
DELLA
, and
SPINDLY
genes were also upregulated and associated with a decrease in the level of GA in scions grafted on the interstock. Since one of the
GA2ox
unigenes was annotated as
DkGA2ox1
in
Diospyros kaki
, but was not functionally validated, a functional analysis was conducted in transgenic tobacco. Overexpression of
DkGA2ox1
in transgenic plants resulted in a dwarf phenotype that could be recovered by the exogenous application of GA
3
. We conclude that the ‘Nantong-xiaofangshi’ interstock affects the water conductance and expression of genes related to the metabolism and transduction of IAA and GA in the grafted scion and thus regulates phytohormone levels, producing dwarfing.
To examine the relationship between left ventricular (LV) function and intracellular calcium modulation in the presence of myocyte hypertrophy, we compared LV muscles from nine dogs with compensated LV hypertrophy (LVH) induced by chronic aortic banding with 11 controls. Mechanical properties were studied in LV muscles (control, n = 25; LVH, n = 23) stretched to the length at which maximal isometric tension developed at 30 degrees C and stimulated at 0.33 Hz; a subset of LVH muscles was loaded with the intracellular calcium indicator aequorin. In LV myocardium from dogs with compensated LVH, both the contraction duration and calcium transients were prolonged at baseline, and the response to phosphodiesterase inhibitors was impaired in keeping with findings in both human and experimental models of pressure-overload hypertrophy and failure. However, in contrast to findings in the failing myocardium, the positive inotropic response to increasing intracellular calcium was preserved in myocardium from dogs with compensated LVH.
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