This paper aims at demonstrating the significance of biochar risk evaluation and reviewing risk evaluation from the aspects of pyrolysis process, feedstock, and sources of hazards in biochar and their potential effects and the methods used in risk evaluation. Feedstock properties and the resultant biochar produced at different pyrolysis process influence their chemical, physical, and structural properties, which are vital in understanding the functionality of biochar. Biochar use has been linked to some risks in soil application such as biochar being toxic, facilitating GHGs emission, suppression of the effectiveness of pesticides, and effects on soil microbes. These potential risks originate from feedstock, contaminated feedstock, and pyrolysis conditions that favor the creation of characteristics and functional groups of this nature. These toxic compounds formed pose a threat to human health through the food chain. Determination of toxicity levels is a first step in the risk management of toxic biochar. Various sorption methods of biochar utilized low-cost adsorbents, engineered surface functional groups, and nZVI modified biochars. The mechanisms of organic compound removal was through sorption, enhanced sorption, modified biochar, postpyrolysis thermal air oxidation and that of PFRs degradation was through activation, photoactive functional groups, magnetization, and hydrothermal synthesis. Emissions of GHGs in soils amended with biochar emanated through physical and biotic mediated mechanisms. BCNs have a significance in reducing the health quotient indices for PTEs risk contamination by suppressing cancer risk arising from consumption of contaminated food. The degree of environmental risk assessment of HM pollution in biomass and biochars has been determined by using potential ecological risk index and RAC while organic contaminant degradation by EPFRs was considered when assessing the environmental roles of biochar in regulating the fate of contaminants removal. The magnitude of technologies’ net benefit must be considered in relation to the associated risks.
Mastitis is a deleterious disease of dairy cattle, and its incidence is closely related with the innate immune response, including the complement system. Mannose-binding lectin-associated serine protease 2 (MASP2) is a functional central enzyme in the complement system. Here, we aimed to study single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of MASP2 and its relationship with mastitis and milk production in Chinese Holstein cattle. We found three novel SNPs, namely g.14047A > C, g.14248T > C and g.14391C > T, in MASP2. The SNP g.14047 A > C (GAA (Glu)>GAC (Asp)) at position 608aa of MASP2 was correlated with the CH50 level and the protein percentage. Meanwhile, the SNP g.14248 T > C (ATT (Ile) > ATC (Ile)) at position 675aa was also correlated with the CH50 value and the milk production. The haplotype combinations H2H2 and H2H4 showed a significant relationship with the CH50, SCS and the milk production abilities, respectively. Based on the SNPs identified in this gene, several genotypes and haplotypes, respectively, were found in Chinese Holstein cattle. The genotypes AC (g.14047 A > C) and TT (g.14248 T > C) and the haplotype combinations H2H2 and H2H4 may be used as molecular markers for breeding mastitis-resistant dairy cattle. The haplotype combination H1H2 should be gradually phased out in breeding programmes.
In order to improve the treatment e ciency of printing and dyeing wastewater, the carbon nanotubessilver modi ed -titanium dioxide (CNTs-Ag-TiO 2 , CAT) ternary composite was prepared by a mechanical mixing method. It was found that the morphology of the prepared CAT sample was uniformly coated with strips of CNTs, speckled Ag and lumpy TiO 2 .The (002) crystal plane of CNTs, the (101) crystal plane of TiO 2 and the (111) crystal plane of Ag were observed, which possessed functional groups such as Ti-OH and Ti-O-C, indicating that the prepared CAT sample had photocatalytic reaction sites. The visible light utilization of titanium dioxide can be improved. The treatment effect of different proportions of CNTs-Ag-TiO 2 on Congo red wastewater was tested, and the results showed that the optimum degradation effect of Congo red wastewater was CNTs: Ag = 10:1, and the treated amount of CNTs/Ag was 15%, and the removal rate of Congo red wastewater could reach 100% within 140min. The excellent removal effect of CAT ternary composite on Congo red wastewater provided a new idea and way for the modi cation of TiO 2 and its composites for the potential of organic dyes degradation.
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