Aims: This review aims to identify lipid biomarkers of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in human tissue samples and discuss the roles of lipids in tissue molecular identification, the discovery of potential biomarkers, and surgical margin assessment. Methods: A review of the literature focused on lipid-related research using mass spectrometry (MS) techniques in human NSCLC tissues from January 1, 2015, to November 20, 2020, was conducted. The quality of included studies was assessed using the QUADAS-2 tool. Results: Twelve studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review. The risk of bias was unclear in the majority of the studies. The contents of lipids including fatty acids, phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl inositol, cardiolipin, phosphatidyl serine, phosphatidyl glycerol, ceramide, lysophosphatidylethanolamine, lysophosphatidylcholine, and lysophosphatidylglycerol differed significantly between cancer and healthy tissues. The sensitivity or specificity of the discrimination model was reported in 8 studies, and the sensitivity and specificity varied among the reported methods. The lipid profiles differed between adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma NSCLC subtypes. Conclusion: In preclinical studies, MS analysis and multiple discrimination models can be combined to distinguish NSCLC tissues from healthy tissues based on lipid profiles, which provides a new opportunity to evaluate the surgical margin and cancer subtype intraoperatively. Future studies should provide guidance for selecting patients and discrimination models to develop an improved method for clinical application.
Chloride-mediated signals are involved in forming neural function during development and maintaining its stability in adulthood. The chloride homeostasis is synergistically controlled by various chloride-relevant genes, but their intrinsic relationships remain not fully understood. In this study, an expression profiling of the human brain with different developmental periods was used for the gene expression pattern analysis. Functional analysis for the different expression patterns was performed to explain the functional distinctions of chloride-relevant genes. The major distribution of chloride-relevant genes in single-cell and brain region were investigated to present their spatial expression features. Further exploration was conducted for the relationship between the above expression characteristics of those genes and central nervous system disorders. We found that the chloride-relevant genes regular the specific biological function rather than extensive functions. Additionally, the distribution of chloride-relevant genes is correlated with the pathological regions. Finally, we tested that one of the most well-known chloride-relevant gene SLC12A2 may take an even more important effect on glial cells rather than neurons. Our findings provide a more comprehensive view to explain the temporal and spatial expression characteristics of chloride-relevant genes, which can help to understand the complex roles of chloride-relevant genes in both the development of the normal human brain and the etiology of brain disorders.
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