In recent years, with the rapid development of renewable energy, the penetration rate of renewable energy generation in the active distribution network (ADN) has increased. Because of the instability of renewable energy generation, the operation stability of ADN has decreased. Due to the ability to cut peak load and fill valley load, battery energy storage systems (BESSs) can enhance the stability of the electric system. However, the placement and capacity of BESSs connected to ADN are extremely significant, otherwise, it will lead to a further decline in the stability of ADN. To ensure the effectiveness of the BESSs connected to the grid, this work uses the fuzzy kernel C-means (FKCM) method for scene clustering. Meanwhile, a multi-objective optimization model of BESS configuration is established with the objective of BESS configuration cost, voltage fluctuation, and load fluctuation, and solved by non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II (NSGA-II). In this work, the grey target decision method based on the entropy weight method (EWM) is used to obtain the optimal compromise solution from the Pareto non-dominated set. Moreover, the proposed method is tested and verified in the extended IEEE-33 node system and the extended IEEE-69 node system. The results show that the BESSs configuration scheme obtained by NSGA-II can effectively reduce the fluctuation of voltage and load, and improve the stability of ADN operation.
Aim: Intermittent hypoxia (IH) is the prominent feature of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) pathophysiology, which is an in dependent risk factor of cardiovascular complications. The effects of IH on adipocyte metabolism were explored by high-throughput sequencing technology.Methods: Plasma was collected from OSA patients and control group to perform mRNA sequencing. 3T3-L1 cells were differentiated into adipocytes then subjected to a 5%–21% O2 hypoxic environment (IH) for 24 h. High-throughput sequencing method was used to determine differential mRNA and miRNA patterns in fat cells exposed to IH. We then performed Gene Ontology (GO) analysis, identified relevant KEGG pathways and miRNA-target-pathways.Results: Sequencing data showed that OSA affected the expression of 343 mRNAs in the plasma. At the same time, we found that IH affected the expression of 3034 mRNAs in the adipocytes. In addition, 68 differentially expressed mRNAs were overlapped in plasma from OSA patient and IH-induced adipocyte model. We observe that 68 differential genes could be connected to 49 reciprocally expressed miRNAs. We showed that IH significantly reduced the expression of miR-182-5p and miR-30c-2-3p. KEGG predicted that the function of expressed miR-182-5p and miR-30c-2-3p was enriched to AKT signaling pathway. Notably, IH activated PI3K/AKT pathway in fat cells.Conclusion: Our results demonstrated that IH might induce adipocyte metabolism by regulating miR-182-5p and miR-30c-2-3p.
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