3D carbon superstructures are fabricated through the hierarchical assembly of polyimide nanosheets and thermal treatment. Benefiting from the ultrahigh surface area and the hierarchically porous structure, along with the well-distributed highly electroactive sites, the flower-like carbon material exhibits outstanding catalytic activity toward the oxygen reduction reaction and also serves as a highly stable electrode material in supercapacitors.

Two-dimensional titania nanosheets have been utilized to fabricate 2D titania-based mesoporous silica through a controlled sol-gel method, which can further serve as a robust and versatile template to construct various 2D heterostructures via a nanocasting technology. 2D titania-based CdS has been fabricated. This heterostructure manifests an excellent H2 -production rate of 285 μmol·h(-1) under visible-light irradiation and an apparent quantum yield of 6.9% at 420 nm.

A bifunctional electrocatalyst for both oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is highly attractive for the manufacture of clean energy conversion devices. In this work, highly crumpled hybrid of nitrogen and sulfur dual-doped graphene and quasi-hexagonal CoS nanoplates (CoS/NSG) is fabricated via a facile ionic assembly approach. The unique structure of CoS/NSG renders it high specific surface area (288.3 m g) and large pore volume (1.32 cm g). As the electrocatalyst for ORR, CoS/NSG demonstrates excellent performance with the onset potential of -0.02 V vs Ag/AgCl and the limited current density of 6.05 mA cm at -0.9 V vs Ag/AgCl. CoS/NSG also presents outstanding catalytic activity toward OER by delivering a limited current density of 48 mA cm at 1 V vs Ag/AgCl. The bifunctional catalytic behaviors of CoS/NSG enable the assembly of a rechargeable Zn-air battery with it as the cathode catalyst, which exhibits stable discharge/charge voltage plateaus upon long time cycling over 50 h.

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Here we describe a general strategy based on template pyrolysis for converting conventional covalent organic frameworks into high-performance carbons, which combines conductivity, microporosity and heteroatom density, thus casting a distinct contrast to those obtained upon direct pyrolysis. The carbons serve as electrodes and exhibit exceptional performance in energy storage.

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