Tissue plasminogen activator protects white matter from stroke-induced lesions via the EGF-like domain and independent of proteolytic activity by promoting oligodendrocyte survival.

Abnormal deposition of Abeta (amyloid-beta peptide) is one of the hallmarks of AD (Alzheimer's disease). This peptide results from the processing and cleavage of its precursor protein, APP (amyloid-beta precursor protein). We have demonstrated previously that TGF-beta (transforming growth factor-beta), which is overexpressed in AD patients, is capable of enhancing the synthesis of APP by astrocytes by a transcriptional mechanism leading to the accumulation of Abeta. In the present study, we aimed at further characterization of the molecular mechanisms sustaining this TGF-beta-dependent transcriptional activity. We report the following findings: first, TGF-beta is capable of inducing the transcriptional activity of a reporter gene construct corresponding to the +54/+74 region of the APP promoter, named APP(TRE) (APP TGF-beta-responsive element); secondly, although this effect is mediated by a transduction pathway involving Smad3 (signalling mother against decapentaplegic peptide 3) and Smad4, Smad2 or other Smads failed to induce the activity of APP(TRE). We also observed that the APP(TRE) sequence not only responds to the Smad3 transcription factor, but also the Sp1 (signal protein 1) transcription factor co-operates with Smads to potentiate the TGF-beta-dependent activation of APP. TGF-beta signalling induces the formation of nuclear complexes composed of Sp1, Smad3 and Smad4. Overall, the present study gives new insights for a better understanding of the fine molecular mechanisms occurring at the transcriptional level and regulating TGF-beta-dependent transcription. In the context of AD, our results provide additional evidence for a key role for TGF-beta in the regulation of Abeta production.