The enhanced proliferation of connected entities needs a deployment of innovative technologies for the next generation wireless networks. One of the critical concerns, however, is the spectrum scarcity, due to the unprecedented broadcast penetration rate nowadays. Based on this, visible light communication (VLC) has recently emerged as a viable solution to secure high-speed communications. VLC, a high data rate communication technology, has proven its stature as a promising complementary to its radio frequency (RF) counterpart. VLC is a cost-effective, energy-efficient, and secure technology that exploits the current infrastructure, specifically within indoor and underwater environments. Yet, despite their appealing capabilities, VLC systems face several limitations which constraint their potentials such as LED’s limited bandwidth, dimming, flickering, line-of-sight (LOS) requirement, impact of harsh weather conditions, noise, interference, shadowing, transceiver alignment, signal decoding complexity, and mobility issue. Consequently, non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) has been considered an effective technique to circumvent these shortcomings. The NOMA scheme has emerged as a revolutionary paradigm to address the shortcomings of VLC systems. The potentials of NOMA are to increase the number of users, system’s capacity, massive connectivity, and enhance the spectrum and energy efficiency in future communication scenarios. Motivated by this, the presented study offers an overview of NOMA-based VLC systems. This article provides a broad scope of existing research activities of NOMA-based VLC systems. This article aims to provide firsthand knowledge of the prominence of NOMA and VLC and surveys several NOMA-enabled VLC systems. We briefly highlight the potential and capabilities of NOMA-based VLC systems. In addition, we outline the integration of such systems with several emerging technologies such as intelligent reflecting surfaces (IRS), orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). Furthermore, we focus on NOMA-based hybrid RF/VLC networks and discuss the role of machine learning (ML) tools and physical layer security (PLS) in this domain. In addition, this study also highlights diverse and significant technical hindrances prevailing in NOMA-based VLC systems. We highlight future research directions, along with provided insights that are envisioned to be helpful towards the effective practical deployment of such systems. In a nutshell, this review highlights the existing and ongoing research activities for NOMA-based VLC systems, which will provide sufficient guidelines for research communities working in this domain and it will pave the way for successful deployment of these systems.
With the passage of time, the exploitation of Internet of Things (IoT) sensors and devices has become more complicated. The Internet of Underwater Things (IoUT) is a subset of the IoT in which underwater sensors are used to continually collect data about ocean ecosystems. Predictive analytics can offer useful insights to the stakeholders associated with environmentalists, marine explorers, and oceanographers for decision-making and intelligence about the ocean, when applied to context-sensitive information, gathered from marine data. This study presents an architectural framework along with algorithms as a realistic solution to design and develop an IoUT system to excel in the data state of the practice. It also includes recommendations and forecasting for potential partners in the smart ocean, which assist in monitoring and environmental protection. A case study is implemented which addresses the solution’s usability and agility to efficiently exploit sensor data, executes the algorithms, and queries the output to assess performance. The number of trails is performed for data insights for the 60-day collection of sensor data. In the context of the smart ocean, the architectural design innovative ideas and viable approaches can be taken into consideration to develop and validate present and next-generation IoUTs and are simplified in this solution.
Quality of Service (QoS) refers to techniques that function on a network to dependably execute high-priority applications and traffic reliably run high-priority applications and traffic even when the network’s capacity is limited. It is expected that data transmission over next-generation WSNs (Wireless Sensor Networks) 5G (5th generation) and beyond will increase significantly, especially for multimedia content such as video. Installing multiple IoT (Internet of Things refers to the network of devices that are all connected to each other) nodes on top of 5G networks makes the design more challenging. Maintaining a minimal level of service quality becomes more challenging as data volume and network density rise. QoS is critical in modern networks because it ensures critical performance metrics and improves end-user experience. Every client attempts to fulfill QoS access needs by selecting the optimal access device(s). Controllers will then identify optimum routes to meet clients’ core QoS needs in their core network. QoS-aware delivery is one of the most important aspects of wireless communications. Various models are proposed in the literature; however, an adaptive buffer size according to service type, priority, and incoming communication requests is required to ensure QoS-aware wireless communication. This article offers a hybrid end-to-end QoS delivery method involving customers and controllers and proposes a QoS-aware service delivery model for various types of communication with an adaptive buffer size according to the priority of the incoming service requests. For this purpose, this paper evaluates various QoS delivery models devised for service delivery in real time over IP networks. Multiple vulnerabilities are outlined that weaken QoS delivery in different models. Performance optimization is needed to ensure QoS delivery in next-generation WSN networks. This paper addresses the shortcomings of the existing service delivery models for real-time communication. An efficient queuing mechanism is adopted that assigns priorities based on input data type and queue length. This queuing mechanism ensures QoS efficiency in limited bandwidth networks and real-time traffic. The model reduces the over-provisioning of resources, delay, and packet loss ratio. The paper contributes a symmetrically-designed traffic engineering model for QoS-ensured service delivery for next-generation WSNs. A dynamic queuing mechanism that assigns priorities based on input data type and queue length is proposed to ensure QoS for wireless next-generation networks. The proposed queuing mechanism discusses topological symmetry to ensure QoS efficiency in limited bandwidth networks with real-time communication. The experimental results describe that the proposed model reduces the over-provisioning of resources, delay, and packet loss ratio.
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