Chronic stress causes a variety of psychiatric disorders such as anxiety and depression, but its mechanism is not well understood. Tripartite motif-containing protein 32 (TRIM32) was strongly associated with autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, anxiety and obsessive compulsive disorder based on a study of copy number variation, and deletion of TRIM32 increased neural proliferation and reduced apoptosis. Here, we propose that TRIM32 is involved in chronic stress-induced affective behaviors. Using a chronic unpredictable mild stress mouse depression model, we studied expression of TRIM32 in brain tissue samples and observed behavioral changes in Trim32 knockout mice. The results showed that TRIM32 protein but not its mRNA was significantly reduced in hippocampus in a time-dependent manner within 8 weeks of chronic stress. These stress-induced affective behaviors and reduction of TRIM32 protein expression were significantly reversed by antidepressant fluoxetine treatment. In addition, Trim32 knockout mice showed reduced anxiety and depressive behaviors and hyperactivities compared with Trim32 wild-type mice under normal and mild stress conditions. We conclude that TRIM32 plays important roles in regulation of hyperactivities and positively regulates the development of anxiety and depression disorders induced by chronic stress.

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Flash glucose monitoring (FGM) was introduced in China in 2016, and it might improve HbA1c measurements and reduce glycaemic variability during T1DM therapy. A total of 146 patients were recruited from October 2018 to September 2019 in Liaocheng. The patients were randomly divided into the FGM group or self-monitoring blood glucose (SMBG) group. Both groups wore the FGM device for multiple 2-week periods, beginning with the 1st, 24th, and 48th weeks for gathering data, while blood samples were also collected for HbA1c measurement. Dietary guidance and insulin dose adjustments were provided to the FGM group patients according to their Ambulatory Glucose Profile (AGP) and to the SMBG group patients according to their SMBG measurements taken 3–4 times daily. All of the participants underwent SMBG measurements on the days when not wearing the FGM device. At the final visit, HbA1c, time in range (TIR), duration of hypoglycaemia and the number of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) events were taken as the main endpoints. There were no significant difference in the baseline characteristics of the two groups. At 24 weeks, the HbA1c level of the FGM group was 8.16 ± 1.03%, which was much lower than that of the SMBG group (8.68 ± 1.01%) (p = 0.003). The interquartile range (IQR), mean blood glucose (MBG), and the duration of hypoglycaemia in the FGM group also showed significant declines, compared with the SMBG group (p < 0.05), while the TIR increased in the FGM group [(49.39 ± 17.54)% vs (42.44 ± 15.49)%] (p = 0.012). At 48 weeks, the differences were more pronounced (p < 0.01). There were no observed changes in the number of episodes of DKA by the end of the study [(0.25 ± 0.50) vs (0.28 ± 0.51), p = 0.75]. Intermittent use of FGM by T1DM patients can improve their HbA1c and glycaemic control without increasing the hypoglycaemic exposure in insulin-treated individuals with type 1 diabetes in an developing country.

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Background: Flash glucose monitoring(FGM) was introduced to China in 2016 and it might improve HbA1C and reduce glycemic variability for T1DM therapy.Methods: A total of 146 patients were recruited from October 2018 to September 2019 in Liaocheng. Patients were randomly divided into FGM group or self-monitoring blood glucose(SMBG) group. Both groups wore the FGM for multiple 2 week periods, beginning with the 1st, 24th, and 48th week for gathering data,while blood samples were collected for HbA1c measurement. The dietary guidance and insulin dose adjustment were made in FGM group patients according to the dynamic blood glucose monitoring map as well as SMBG group patients according to SMBG measurements 3-4 times daily. All of the participants would insist on SMBG measurements in the days without wearing the FGM device. At the final visit, HbA1C,time in range(TIR),the duration of hypoglycemia and numbers of diabetic ketoacidosis(DKA) were taken as the main observational indexes.Results: There was no significant difference in baseline characteristics of the two groups. At 24 week,HbA1c level of FGM gruop was (8.16±1.03)%,much lower than that of SMBG group(8.68±1.01)%(p<0.05).Interquartile range(IQR),mean blood glucose(MBG),duration of hypoglycemia of FGM group also showed significant decline, compared with SMBG group(p<0.05),while TIR displayed apparently increase in FGM group [(49.39±17.54)% vs (42.44±15.49)%] (p<0.05). At 48 week,the differences were more pronounced (p<0.01).There was no observed change in the number of episodes of DKA when study was finished [(0. 25±0. 50) vs (0. 28±0. 51),P＝0.75].Conclusion: Intermittent use of FGM in T1DM patients can improve HbA1c and glycemic control without increasing hypoglycemic exposure in insulin-treated type 1 diabetes individuals in the undeveloped country.