Rational introduction of electrocatalytically-active nanocrystals into carbon–sulfur enables the accelerated kinetics of sulfur redox reactions, thus achieving an ultra-high-rate and long-life Li–S battery.

MoS2 electrocatalysts are introduced to construct a robust sandwich-type MoS2/S/rGO cathode with simultaneously improved reaction kinetics and capacity retention.

Three typical methanol-gasoline blends M10, M20, and M85 containing 10%, 20%, and 85% of methanol by volume, respectively, were used to investigate the effects of different methanol/gasoline ratios on engine power, thermal efficiency, and emissions, especially the exhaust methanol emission. A three-cylinder, port fuel injection engine was applied. Experimental results show that the engine power/torque ratio under the wide open throttle condition mainly depends on the amount of heat delivered to the engine. The addition of methanol significantly improves the brake thermal efficiency, while the methanol/gasoline ratio has a slight effect on it. Engine out CO and NO x emissions decrease with the increase of the methanol/gasoline ratio. The use of M85 leads to a reduction of CO and NO x by about 25% and 80%, respectively. A gas chromatograph is calibrated and used to measure the methanol emission. Measurement indicates that the addition of methanol in gasoline results in an increase of the unburnt CH 3 OH emission. And its concentration is nearly logarithmically proportional to the cyclically injected quantity. Because the response of the flame ionization detector to methanol is 40% that of hydrocarbon, the total hydrocarbon emission of the engine is revised. The nonmethanol hydrocarbons that resulted from gasoline are less affected by methanol addition, while the methanol emission is controlled independently by the cyclic quantity of fuel methanol injection.