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Network interconnection and information sharing among firms and their departments expose them to cybersecurity breaches. Traditional cybersecurity studies have paid little attention to the reallocation of security investment within firms. This paper proposes a mathematical model for optimal allocation of cybersecurity investment among headquarters and branches with budget constraints. The differences in size of information sets and system interconnection have been taken into account. The responses of optimal allocation to internal and external factors, such as the portion of branch information set, the propagation probability, the budget constraints, and the intrinsic vulnerability, have been studied in deep both theoretically and numerically. Analysis results indicate that the group will give priority to protecting headquarters when the total budget is small and intrinsic vulnerability is high. The security investment allocated to each branch increases with budget, propagation probability and portion of information set, but never exceeds 1 / ( n + 1 ) of total budget. Numerical simulations also verify that security information sharing among headquarters and branches can help improve the efficiency of security investment in the whole system. Furthermore, the findings of this paper will draw attention to the reallocation of cybersecurity investment within a business group and help cybersecurity managers to develop investment allocation strategies and policies.

In this paper, we look into the optimal sales strategy of e-commerce platform which sells fresh-product advertising in advance-selling period and spot-selling period, respectively, when advance-selling and spot-selling integration mode is applied. The study found that, with the increase of advertising investment, the marginal benefit of e-commerce platform is declining; whether advertising during the advance-selling period or the advertising during the spot-selling period, the e-commerce platform can improve its profit, but under the same advertising effect factor, the optimal advertising investment for the sale period is smaller, and the profit when advertising in the advance-selling period is greater. When advertising in different periods, the optimal advertising and price strategy depends on the maximum valuation of consumers about the product and the advertising effect factor.

Fresh produce has increasingly become an important part of people’s diet. However, the loss of fresh produce in the supply chain has existed for a long time and is difficult to overcome. Some companies use their own information management systems or use information systems built by other companies to release and manage fresh agricultural product information in a timely manner, thereby reducing product loss caused by the “bullwhip effect.” However, this will also bring pressure on construction costs and the risk of information leakage. Based on the evolutionary game model, this paper conducts process modeling and analysis on the behavior of enterprise groups participating in information sharing. It is concluded that the greater the difference between the income obtained through information sharing and the cost of building information system, the higher the likelihood of enterprises participating in information sharing. In addition, the greater the profit from the construction of information platform, the smaller the profit of “free rider,” and the smaller the risk of information leakage, the greater the enthusiasm of enterprises to participate in information sharing. Finally, some suggestions are proposed from the perspective of maximizing supply chain benefits.

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Considering information security and personalization paradoxes, this paper investigates the optimal information security investments of a firm and purchasing decisions of consumers with different privacy concerns in online personalization. It is found that consumers and firm tend to fall into a prisoner's dilemma in Nash equilibrium. To improve security investment efficiency and boost personalization consumption, firm‐led Stackelberg game and firm‐led Stackelberg game with punishment mechanism are proposed and analyzed. The results indicate that the security information measures firm take in advance can effectively increase the waverers' willingness to purchase personalized products. Government punishment helps to facilitate a win‐win situation but does not work when proportion of wavers in the market is very small. Furthermore, the responses of equilibrium strategies and payoffs to related characteristics are discussed numerically. Finally, some managerial insights are recommended to firms who provide personalized products for making proper security investment and to government departments for formulating security punishment policies.

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Abstract. Under current transport conditions with high level of mechanization, traffic pressure increases rapidly which leads to low traffic efficiency and low resident travel efficiency. Especially for historic districts which located in the downtown areas with high intensity of land development and scarce land resources, main roads and minor roads are always under congestion and traffic delays on by-passes are caused by road occupation by motor vehicles. As a kind of environment-friendly, green and convenient public transportation, bicycles can relieve traffic jams effectively, improve environment quality and traffic efficiency and connect scenic spots. Based on investigations, this thesis demonstrates current situations of bicycle transportation system in quarter of City Wall of Ming dynasty, establishes networks assessment target system in accordance with related rules and builds analysis model with AHP Comprehensive Evaluation. In result, this thesis provides referential evidences for evaluation on making and implementation effectiveness of bicycle transportation system designs and plans in historic districts. Current Situations of Bicycle-Riding Environment in District of City Wall of Ming DynastyBeing the center of historic cultural city, the quarter of City Wall dynasty has always been the political, economic and cultural center of Xi'an shouldering most functions [1].Generating from ancient city road structure, the structure of road network belongs to grid road system generally. The road network density of the quarter of City Wall of Ming dynasty is high. However, there are not enough truck roads and minor roads but excessive by-passes. With low accessibility of the road network, there are plenty of "dead end roads" or narrow roads of the by-passes, which is not convenient for motor vehicle transportation. Traffic volume of the quarter of City Wall of Ming dynasty is 630.2 thousand every day. The main sections of relating roads of the gates are at capacity or almost at capacity, with horrible traffic jam. Besides, the main trunk roads in the quarter are almost at capacity with car speed of 12.4 km/hour on rush hour. At present, there are two kinds of