Abstract-This paper details the development of a textile based fluid handling system with integrated wireless biochemical sensors. Such research represents a new advancement in the area of wearable technologies. The system contains pH, sodium and conductivity sensors. It has been demonstrated during on-body trials that the pH sensor has close agreement with measurements obtained using a reference pH probe. Initial investigations into the sodium and conductivity sensors have shown their suitability for integration into the wearable system. It is thought that applications exist in personal health and sports performance and training. I. INTRODUCTIONO date the majority of research in the area of wearable sensors has focused on the development of devices which measure physical parameters such as motion, respiration and heart rate [1]- [3]. However, textiles are often employed in sports applications to capture body fluids and wick them away from the skin surface. Such fabrics can be used as a platform for the development of biochemical sensors used to monitor the changing composition of fluids such as sweat under stress or exercise.Sweat is a clear hypotonic odorless fluid often described as an ultrafiltrate of plasma. Its major constituents are sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium and chloride [4]. It is easily accessible with the sweat rate in human males during exercise measured in the region of 0.85 mg cm -2 min -1 for the lower back. Changes in the composition of sweat can be used to provide information on a person's physiological condition [5]. In addition, prolonged exercise can lead to dehydration and a change in the electrolyte concentrations in sweat. For elite athletes, a visible reduction in performance will occur for a 2 % drop in body weight due to dehydration. Further fluid loss can lead to symptoms such as irritability, headache, dizziness, cramps, vomiting, increased body temperature and heart rate, increased perceived work rate, reduced mental function, slower gastric emptying [6].
Background Immunochromatographic strips (ICSs) are a practical tool commonly used in point-of-care testing (POCT) applications. However, ICSs that are currently available have low sensitivity and require expensive equipment for quantitative analysis. These limitations prohibit their extensive use in areas where medical resources are scarce. Methods We developed a novel POCT platform by integrating a gas generation biosensor with Au@Pt Core/Shell nanoparticle (Au@PtNPs)-based ICSs (G-ICSs). The resulting G-ICSs enabled the convenient and quantitative assessment of a target protein using the naked eye, without the need for auxiliary equipment or complicated computation. To assess this platform, C-reactive protein (CRP), a biomarker commonly used for the diagnosis of acute, infectious diseases was chosen as a proof-of-concept test. Results The linear detection range (LDR) of the G-ICSs for CRP was 0.05–6.25 μg/L with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.041 μg/L. The G-ICSs had higher sensitivity and wider LDR when compared with commonly used AuNPs and fluorescent-based ICSs. When compared with results from a chemiluminescent immunoassay, G-ICS concordance rates for CRP detection in serum samples ranged from 93.72 to 110.99%. Conclusions These results demonstrated that G-ICSs have wide applicability in family diagnosis and community medical institutions, especially in areas with poor medical resources. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12951-019-0493-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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