Context: In China, the herb Sophora tonkinensis Gagnep. (Fabaceae, ST) (Committee of National Pharmacopeia. 2015) exhibits anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and antiviral effects. However, to date, there have been few studies on its gastrointestinal effect. Objective: The gastrointestinal effect of the methanol extract of ST rhizome (STR) was evaluated. Materials and methods: Study was conducted from February to December 2018. In vivo, antidiarrheal activity of STR (125, 250 and 500 mg/kg; orally) in castor oil-induced diarrheal mice was studied. In vitro, the effects of STR (0.01-10 mg/mL) on the isolated tissue preparations of rabbit jejunum were also investigated, the rabbit jejunum stripes were pre-contracted with Ach (10 À5 M), K þ (60 mM) and tested in the presence of STR, the possible spasmolytic effect was analyzed in the pretreatment of the jejunum preparations with STR or verapamil in Ca 2þ -free high-K þ (60 mM) solution containing EDTA. Results: STR (125, 250 and 500 mg/kg) exhibited antidiarrheal activity. STR (0.01-10 mg/mL) completely relaxed spontaneously contracting, Ach (10 À5 M) and high K þ (60 mM) induced contracted jejunum with an EC 50 value of 0.66 (0.49-0.96), 0.39 (0.28-0.44) and 0.17 (0.10-0.21), similar to verapamil. Concentration-response curves of CaCl 2 could be significantly moved to the right and down in the presence of STR (0.3, 1 mg/mL). Discussion and conclusions: Results suggest the presence of antidiarrheal activity and spasmolytic effects of STR, possibly mediated through Ca 2þ channel blocking activity, providing the pharmacological basis for its traditional uses in gastrointestinal disorders.
ObjectiveIn the present study, we investigated the role of brexpiprazole on cell proliferation and lipogenesis in colorectal cancer (CRC) and its molecular mechanism.MethodsThe effect of brexpiprazole on CRC cell proliferation was determined by CCK‐8, EdU assay, cell clone formation. The flow cytometry was evaluated cell cycle. Differential expression genes (DEGs) were identified by RNA‐seq assay after treating HCT116 cells with or without 20 μM brexpiprazole for 24 h. Then, the top 120 DEGs were analyzed by GO and KEGG enrichment analysis. After that, Oil red O staining and the levels of total cholestenone and triglyceride were measured to assess lipogenesis capacity in CRC cells. The related molecules of cell proliferation, lipogenic and AMPK/SREBP1 signal pathways were measured by q‐PCR, western blot and immunohistochemical staining.ResultsBrexpiprazole remarkably suppressed cell proliferation, lipogenesis, and induced cell cycle arrest in CRC. The underlying mechanisms probably involved the suppression of SREBP1 and the stimulation of AMPK.ConclusionBrexpiprazole inhibited cell proliferation and de novo lipogenesis through AMPK/SREBP1 pathway in CRC.
Quantitative (morphometric) study of the total amounts (per organ) and mean sizes of histological structures in individuals from young to old are essential for the understanding of age-related organ changes; stereological techniques are essential, reliable tools to obtain the quantitative data. Stereological study of all renal components, especially renal tubules, was lacking in age-related kidney studies and few studies used rats older than 24 months of age for a stereological analysis of the aging kidney. In the present study isotropic uniform random renal sections (methacrylate-embedded) were obtained from male Sprague-Dawley rats (8−9 per age-group) randomly sampled from a single cohort of normal animals at the ages of 3, 6, 12, 24 and 36 months, respectively. The sections were measured using various stereological methods to estimate the total amounts (per kidney) or mean sizes of key renal structures. The results demonstrated that the volume of kidney and the total volume or length of renal tubules increased continually from 3 to 24 months of age and then plateaued between 24 and 36 months of age. The total volume of renal corpuscles, glomeruli, Bowman's space or interstitial tissue and the mean volume of renal corpuscles or glomeruli increased continually from 3 to 24 months and further until 36 months of age. The total number of glomeruli remained essentially constant and the relative volume of the cortex or medulla and the relative length of different segments of the renal tubules remained basically stable throughout the ages. Less than 5% of the renal corpuscular or tubular profiles were apparently atrophied at 24 or 36 months of age. The age-related results suggested that the rat renal tissues continued to develop adaptively or work actively, from young to old, to maintain normal physiological functions and the aging change in the kidney was primarily a compensatory or hypertrophic histological change.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.