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Purpose: To report the results of a network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing multiple endovascular treatments for de novo femoropopliteal lesions. Materials and Methods: The MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases were systematically searched on June 1, 2019, for prospective RCTs comparing 14 treatments [ie, atherectomy, brachytherapy, cryoplasty, cutting balloons, drug-coated balloons, bare nitinol stents, drug-eluting stents (DES), covered stents (CS), and combinations] in the treatment of de novo femoropopliteal lesions. Outcomes were technical success; binary restenosis and target lesion revascularization (TLR) at 6, 12, and/or 24 months; and all-cause mortality at 12 months. Ultimately, 53 articles reporting on 45 studies (91 study arms; 5565 patients) were selected. For the technical success outcome, all types of stents, all balloons, and all atherectomy devices were aggregated in stent, balloon, and atherectomy technology groups, respectively. Results: In terms of technical success for aggregated treatment types, stent technology was the most effective treatment and was better than balloon and atherectomy technologies. In terms of binary restenosis, DES was the most effective single treatment at the 6- and 12-month follow-up and CS at the 24-month follow-up. Both DES and CS were better than the majority of other single treatments, including balloon angioplasty, cutting balloon, cryoplasty, directional atherectomy, and bare nitinol stent during all follow-up periods. In terms of TLR, DES was the second most effective single treatment and the most effective single treatment at the 6- and 12-month follow-up intervals; CS was the most effective single treatment at the 24-month follow-up. Both DES and CS were better than the majority of other single treatments. The 12-month all-cause mortality of both DES and CS were similar to other treatments, whereas cryoplasty seemed to be the least effective treatment with regard to binary restenosis and TLR. Conclusion: Both DES and CS had substantial advantages in terms of restenosis and TLR in femoropopliteal lesions and were similar to aggregate stent technology in terms of technical success. DES performed better within 12 months after operation and CS at ~24 months, but neither had much advantage in terms of mortality. In contrast, cryoplasty seemed to be a less effective treatment.

Polar organics are essential constituents in atmospheric aerosols, but few studies have analyzed their distribution characteristics and sources. In this study, 42 typical polar organics, including 10 aromatic acids, 9 aliphatic dibasic acids, 3 anhydrosugars, 14 sugars and sterols, and 6 fatty acids in PM 2.5 in Jinzhong, China, were analyzed. Their annual average concentrations were 0. 07− 11.1, 0.24−5.30, 2.33−38.1, 0.06−10.5, and 0.40−22.2 ng/m 3 , respectively, with the most abundant compounds being p-phthalic acid, succinic acid, levoglucosan, glycerol, and palmitic acid, respectively. For anhydrosugars, aliphatic dibasic acids, and sugars and sterols, the highest concentrations were found in winter, summer, and spring, respectively. However, the concentrations of aromatic acids from both the primary source and secondary photochemical formation were higher in autumn (36.1%) and winter (35.6%) than in other seasons, whereas fatty acids exhibited no obvious seasonal differences. Two anhydrosugars (mannosan and galactosan), six aromatic acids (m-, p-phthalic acid, and four phenolic acids), and four sugars and sterols (erythritol, glycerol, xylitol, and xylose) were highly correlated with levoglucosan, indicating their association with biomass burning. The levoglucosan/ mannosan and mannosan/galactosan ratios indicated that the types of biomass burning in Jinzhong were crop straw, hardwood, and pine needles. By contrast, three aromatic acids (o-phthalic acid and 1,2,3-and 1,2,4-benzene-tricarboxylic acid), three aliphatic dibasic acids (succinic, glutaric, and adipic acid), and glyceric acid all had a certain correlation with SO 4 2− , indicating their secondary photochemical formation. The values of o-phthalic acid/azelaic acid revealed that the anthropogenic precursor had a higher contribution to secondary formation. Principal component analysis revealed that the potential sources of polar organics in PM 2.5 included biomass burning (32.8%), anthropogenic secondary organic aerosols (21.5%), biogenic primary and secondary organic aerosols (18.7%), and soil dust (11.5%).

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