Feedback literature is dominated by claims of large effect sizes, yet there are remarkable levels of variability relating to the effects of feedback. The same feedback can be effective for one student but not another, and in one situation but not another. There is a need to better understand how students are receiving feedback and currently there is relatively little research on school students' perceptions of feedback. In contrast, current social constructivist and self-regulatory models of feedback see the learner as an active agent in receiving, interpreting, and applying feedback information. This paper aims to investigate school student perceptions of feedback through designing a student feedback perception questionnaire (SFPQ) based upon a conceptual model of feedback. The questionnaire was used to collect data about the helpfulness to learning of different feedback types and levels. Results demonstrate that the questionnaire partially affirms the conceptual model of feedback. Items pertaining to feed forward (improvement based feedback) were reported by students as most helpful to learning. Implications for teaching and learning are discussed, in regard to how students receive feedback.
Abstract:The paper draws on data from a national survey in Australia in 2014 to examine how social networks affect life satisfaction and happiness. Findings show that social network composition, social attachment, perceived social support, and the volume of social resources are significantly positively associated with life satisfaction and happiness. Stress about social commitments, feeling restricted by social demands, and being excluded by a social group are negatively associated with life satisfaction and happiness. These results indicate that social networks have both 'bright side' and 'dark side' effects on subjective wellbeing.Keywords: Australia, happiness, life satisfaction, social networks, subjective wellbeing IntroductionAcross the social sciences, social networks have been found to play an important role in educational attainment (Furstenberg and Hughes, 1995), parenting (Hagan et al., 1996), crime reduction (Hagan and McCarthy, 1995) and employment (Authors, 2009; Authors, 2011; Authors, 2015). In recent years, social scientists and policy makers have asserted that social networks also matter for health and wellbeing (Christakis and Fowler, 2009;Huxhold et al., 2013). However, despite the ubiquity of the social network concept scholars have highlighted a number of problems with theoretical and empirical work (Durlauf and Fafchamps, 2005;Lin, 2001;Lyons, 2011). In this paper we introduce a new model for the relationship of social networks to subjective wellbeing (SWB) and present data from a national Australian survey to explore the model. Subjective wellbeing refers to people's evaluations of their own lives, including life satisfaction (a cognitive evaluation) and happiness (an affective evaluation) (Diener, 2006; Authors, 2017). In psychology, research on SWB was triggered by Brickman and Campbell (1971) who argued that most individuals had an equilibrium (set-point) level of SWB which was only temporarily disturbed by significant life events. The idea of a set-point dominated SWB research for nearly thirty years (Headey, 2007) but began to be undermined by evidence that certain events such as marriage (Gottman, 1996) or repeated unemployment (Clark et al., 2004) were associated with long-term changes in individuals' SWB. This led some (Headey, 2007) to argue that the study of 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 F o r R e v i e w O n l y 2 SWB should concentrate on the factors leading to enduring changes in SWB such as having life goals linked to personal and social networks (e.g. family, friends, social participation). However, network research on subjective outcomes has remained comparatively uncommon (Hauberer, 2011; Authors, 2016a) and early influential social network research on SWB (Christakis and Fowler, 2009;Wilkinson, 2002;Helliwell, 2006) has also been convincingly criticised (Lyons, 2...
This paper contributes to the existing literature on income mobility by developing and applying a two-stage panel regression model and assessing the effects of using different levels of occupational (dis)aggregation and different earnings measures on the magnitude of father-son earnings elasticities in Australia. We find that the overall intergenerational earnings elasticity in Australia between 2001 and 2013 ranges from 0.11 to 0.30. Our preferred estimates lie between 0.24 and 0.28. Elasticity estimates vary depending on the level of occupational (dis)aggregation and earnings measure used: they are highest when two-digit level occupations and hourly earnings are used, and lowest when four-digit level occupations and annual earnings are used. We read these findings as indicating that elasticity estimates are sensitive to the use of different data and methods, and researchers should be careful when undertaking cross-study, cross-temporal or cross-national comparisons.
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