Objective To identify the priority public health challenges with respect to the development of multipurpose prevention technologies in China. Design Review of published literature, databases of state and local disease control agencies and unpublished data relating to HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Setting China. Population General and migrant populations. Methods Review of published data, government reports and databases of China Disease Control agencies, and our unpublished studies. Main outcome measures Reported STI incidence, particularly HIV, syphilis, chlamydia and genital herpes, and the migrant population with respect to disease transmission. Results We found that the reported STI incidence increases along with that of HIV and showed significant geographic overlap with HIV. Economic migrant workers may facilitate the spread of STIs, including HIV. Conclusions To more effectively contain the HIV epidemic, it is imperative to develop preventive measures to simultaneously target HIV and other STIs. We recommend that the development of multipurpose prevention technologies in China should target HIV and STIs.

Castanopsis sclerophylla (Lindl.) Schott is an important species of evergreen broad-leaved tree in subtropical areas and has high ecological and economic value. However, there are few studies on its chloroplast genome. In this study, the complete chloroplast genome sequence of C . sclerophylla was determined using the Illumina HiSeq 2500 platform. The complete chloroplast genome of C . sclerophylla is 160,497 bp long, including a pair of inverted repeat (IR) regions (25,675 bp) separated by a large single-copy (LSC) region of 90,255 bp and a small single-copy (SSC) region of 18,892 bp. The overall GC content of the chloroplast genome is 36.82%. A total of 131 genes were found; of these, 111 genes are unique and annotated, including 79 protein-coding genes, 27 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs), and four ribosomal RNA genes (rRNAs). Twenty-one genes were found to be duplicated in the IR regions. Comparative analysis indicated that IR contraction might be the reason for the smaller chloroplast genome of C . sclerophylla compared to three congeneric species. Sequence analysis indicated that the LSC and SSC regions are more divergent than IR regions within Castanopsis ; furthermore, greater divergence was found in noncoding regions than in coding regions. The maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis showed that four species of the genus Castanopsis form a monophyletic clade and that C . sclerophylla is closely related to Castanopsis hainanensis with strong bootstrap values. These results not only provide a basic understanding of Castanopsis chloroplast genomes, but also illuminate Castanopsis species evolution within the Fagaceae family. Furthermore, these findings will be valuable for future studies of genetic diversity and enhance our understanding of the phylogenetic evolution of Castanopsis .

Castanopsis fargesii (Fagaceae) is a major dominant tree species in evergreen broad-leaved forests of subtropical China, with significant ecological and economical values. The complete chloroplast genome sequences of C. fargesii was reported based on the Illumina Hiseq 2500 platform. The complete chloroplast genome was 160,601 bp with a typical quadripartite structure, containing a pair of inverted repeated (IR) regions (25,693 bp) that was separated by a large single copy (LSC) region of 90,258 bp, and a small single copy (SSC) region of 18,987 bp. It harbours 123 functional genes, including 78 protein-coding genes, 37 transfer RNA and 8 ribosomal RNA genes. The ML phylogenetic analysis indicated C. fargesii is closely related to Castanopsis hainanensis.

10Castanopsis sclerophylla (Lindl.) Schott is an important species of evergreen broad-leaved forest in 11 subtropical area and has important ecological and economic value. However, there are little studies on its 12 chloroplast genome. In this study, the complete chloroplast genome sequences of C. sclerophylla was reported 13 based on the Illumina Hiseq 2500 platform. The complete chloroplast genome of C. sclerophylla was 14 160,497bp, including a pair of inverted repeated (IRs) regions (25,675bp) that were separated by a large single 15 copy (LSC) region of 90,255bp, and a small single copy (SSC) region of 18,892bp. The overall GC content of 16 chloroplast genome was 36.82%. A total of 131 genes were found, of these 111 genes were unique and 17 annotated, including 79 protein-coding genes, 27 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs), and four ribosomal RNA genes 18 (rRNAs). Twenty-one genes were found to be duplicated in the IR regions. Comparative analysis indicated that 19 IR contraction might be the reason for the relatively smaller chloroplast genome size of C. sclerophylla 20 compared with other three congeneric species. Sequence analysis detected that the LSC and SSC regions were 21 more divergent than the IR regions within the Castanopsis, furthermore, a higher divergence was found in non-22 coding regions than in coding regions. The maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic analysis showed that these 23 four species of the genus Castanopsis formed a monophyletic clade and that C. sclerophylla is closely related 24 to Castanopsis hainanensis with strong bootstrap values. These results not only provide basic knowledge about 25 characteristics of C. sclerophylla and also enhance our understanding of Castanopsis species evolution within 26 the Fagaceae family. Meanwhile, these findings will contribute to the exploration, utilization and conservation 27 genetics of C. sclerophylla.28 Keywords: Castanopsis sclerophylla; chloroplast genome; comparative analysis; phylogenetic analysis 29 30 Introduction 31 Castanopsis sclerophylla (Lindl.) Schott. is a monoecious, and broad-leaved tree of the genus 32 Castanopsis belongs to the Fagaceae family. The genus contains about 120 known species, of these species 33 58 are native to China, and 30 are endemic. However, this species is widely native to East and South 34 Asia, and had been introduced to North America [1, 2]. In China, it is a canopy tree widely distributed 35 in subtropical evergreen forests [3]. Its fruit and wood are valuable, and are regarded as landscape 36 and ornamental tree because of glossy evergreen leaves and white flowers cover the tree [4]. In Jiangxi 37 province, its fruit has been used to make special foods such as sheet jelly, bean curd, and bean 38 vermicelli [5]. The previous researches mainly focused on natural regeneration[6], biomass[7], 39 morphology[8], chemotaxonomical[9], genetic diversity [1, 10]. Currently, because of the tree's 40 economic value increasing, natural plants have been seriously destroyed by humans, and the number 41 of natural trees is...

Background The complex anatomy of the trochanter and the diversity in mechanisms of injury to it complicate intertrochanteric fracture patterns. Using digital technology, we created three-dimensional (3D) computed tomography (CT) mapping to show the relevant characteristics of intertrochanteric fractures in elderly patients. Material/Methods This was a retrospective analysis of a case series of closed intertrochanteric fractures in patients older than age 60 years who had sustained single-sided injuries less than 1 week previously. High-quality CT scans of the cases were used to create a 3D reconstruction fracture model, and fracture maps of the proximal femur were created by overlapping the fracture lines. Results A total of 115 patients were enrolled in this study, with mean age of 78 years (SD 7.98 years; range, 60 to 96 years). The essential features of the fracture lines were recorded in each case. Fracture maps revealed that the fracture lines were mainly concentrated in the area of the lesser and greater trochanter, intertrochanteric line, and intertrochanteric crest. As for fracture subtypes, results between patients were similar for Types A1 and A2 fractures, and differed for Type A3 fractures. Conclusions Detailed analysis of essential features of fracture lines revealed fracture fragments, some of which may be difficult to see using traditional imaging methods. Fracture maps composed of interindividual fracture lines revealed the relevant characteristics of intertrochanteric fractures in elderly patients. The resulting information about characteristics of distribution of fracture lines may be helpful in clinical practice.