Background: Educational attainment and verbal intelligence, which indirectly reflect an individual's cognitive reserve (CR), is suggested to buffer the effect of late-life brain degradation on cognitive performance outcome. We aimed to explore how the relationship between whole grey matter volume (GMV) and episodic memory function is altered by CR proxy as well as age in healthy older adults. Methods: Elderly Verbal Learning Test (EVLT) and structural magnetic resonance imaging were administered to 110 community-residing older adults. Moderated moderation model tested whether the association between whole GMV and episodic memory was moderated by both CR and chronological age. Results: The results showed that the moderating effect of CR on Immediate Recall, Short-delay Recall, and Recognition scores of EVLT differed across age groups. The elderly with higher CR showed steeper GMV effect on EVLT at the Age-Younger condition, while such moderating effect was reversed in the Age-Older condition, suggesting an alleviated brain atrophy effect in higher CR elderly. Conclusion: These findings suggest that although higher CR elderly may exhibit earlier GMV-related memory decline, the buffering effect of CR on the cognitive decline due to brain atrophy would become more evident in old-old elderly people who are likely to have accumulated more neuropathological changes. This study underscores chronological age as an important moderating factor in examining the moderating role of CR in late-life memory function.
This paper aims to investigate the evolution of the spatial division of labour and spatial dynamics in Korea in relation to industrial restructuring and technological development. The two restructuring processes in the 1990s, which were related to the labour movement in the late 1980s and to the financial crisis in 1997, had considerable impact on the dynamics of the Capital Region in Korea. In the processes of spatial restructuring in the Capital Region, four factors have been significant: distance, density of network, path dependency and creation, and ICT development. The improvement of transferability has impacted on both sides of the coin: localization and long‐distance networks. The cluster of service activities, especially knowledge‐based advanced services in Seoul, on the one hand, and long‐distance networks of service activities, on the other, have been promoted in recent years. Based on the result of the analysis, several policy implications are suggested with regard to the knowledge‐based information society and the ageing society of Korea. Resumen El objetivo de este artículo es investigar la evolución de la división espacial laboral y dinámica espacial en Corea relacionada con la reestructuración espacial y el desarrollo tecnológico. Los dos procesos de reestructuración de los años 90, relacionados con el movimiento laboral de finales de los 80 y la crisis financiera de 1997 tuvieron un impacto considerable en Corea en la dinámica de la Región Capital. Han sido cuatro los factores significativos en los procesos de reestructuración en la Región Capital: distancia, densidad de la red, dependencia y creación de rutas, y desarrollo de TIC. La mejora en la transferibilidad ha tenido un impacto en ambas caras de la moneda: localización y redes de larga distancia. En los últimos años se ha fomentado por una parte el conglomerado de actividades de servicios, especialmente servicios avanzados de conocimiento en Seúl, y por otra parte las redes de larga distancia de actividades de servicios. Con base en el resultado de los análisis, sugerimos varias implicaciones en cuanto a políticas relacionadas con la sociedad de la información basada en el conocimiento y el envejecimiento de la sociedad coreana.
This paper studies the relationship between geography and dynamics of network in the evolutionary process of a newly emerging industry. Core actors are well connected with one another through policy‐related project networks, as well as temporary clusters, such as trade fairs, conventions, and seminars. Although geographical proximity is not significantly related to the occurrence of co‐operation between individuals, position of an actor in the network is significantly related to his/her geographical reach. Despite the importance of other industrial network in the Capital Region, actors in non‐Capital Regions played important positions in the networks and assumed key roles in institutional‐building processes. Resumen. Este artículo estudia la relación entre la geografía y las dinámicas de red en el proceso evolutivo de una nueva industria emergente. Los actores esenciales están bien conectados entre sí mediante redes de proyectos relacionados con políticas, así como por conglomerados temporales como ferias de exposiciones, convenciones y seminarios. Aunque no hay una relación significativa entre la proximidad geográfica y la aparición de una cooperación entre individuos, la posición de un actor en la red está relacionada significativamente con su alcance geográfico. A pesar de la importancia de otras redes industriales en la región capital, los actores del resto de regiones ocuparon posiciones importantes en las redes y asumieron papeles clave en procesos de desarrollo institucional.
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