Neovascularization and vascular remodeling are functionally important for brain repair after stroke. We show that neutrophils accumulate in the peri-infarct cortex during all stages of ischemic stroke. Neutrophils producing intravascular and intraparenchymal neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) peak at 3-5 days. Neutrophil depletion reduces blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown and enhances neovascularization at 14 days. Peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4), an enzyme essential for NET formation, is upregulated in peri-ischemic brains. Overexpression of PAD4 induces an increase in NET formation that is accompanied by reduced neovascularization and increased BBB damage. Disruption of NETs by DNase 1 and inhibition of NET formation by genetic ablation or pharmacologic inhibition of PAD increases neovascularization and vascular repair and improves functional recovery. Furthermore, PAD inhibition reduces stroke-induced STING-mediated production of IFN-β, and STING knockdown and IFN receptor-neutralizing antibody treatment reduces BBB breakdown and increases vascular plasticity. Collectively, our results indicate that NET release impairs vascular remodeling during stroke recovery.

A planar-like Fe 2 N 6 structure with distinguished catalytic mechanism was highlighted as a high-efficiency oxygen reduction catalyst. Accelerated catalytic kinetics and highly suppressed side reaction enabled the planar-like Fe 2 N 6 structure to exhibit over 700% increase in mass activity than traditional isolated iron-nitrogen sites. Proton-exchange membrane fuel cells built with this catalyst also achieved a large peak power density of 845 mW cm À2 , representing a critical breakthrough for the practical application of metal-nitrogen-carbon materials in PEMFC systems.

Single-crystalline trigonal tellurium (t-Te) nanotubes with sloping cross-section and hexagonal cross-section can be selectively synthesized on a large scale by a simple solvothermal reduction route, using tellurium dioxide (TeO 2 ) as tellurium source and ethylene glycol (EG) as both a reducing agent and a solvent in the presence of cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) and cellulose acetate (CA), respectively. The individual Te nanotubes with cylindrical morphology and open ends have outer diameters of 100-500 nm, wall thicknesses of 50-100 nm, and lengths of 150-200 µm. Both kinds of Te nanotubes grow along the [001] direction and have excellent crystallinity. The optical properties and the stability in ethanol of the t-Te nanotubes with sloping cross section have been investigated.