The Southern Ocean is also characterized by high levels of eddy activity associated with instabilities of the ACC. These eddies play essential roles in the Southern Ocean dynamics and thermodynamics. For instance, mesoscale eddies vertically transfer momentum from the sea surface to the bottom of the ocean (Rin-
It has been reported that the subtropical South Indian Ocean (SIO) has been rapidly warming over the past two decades and can therefore be characterized as one of the major heat accumulators among the oceanic basins. However, this strong warming is not uniformly distributed in the vertical direction. In comparison to the decade‐long warming in the upper layer (0–300 m) in 2004–2013, the intermediate layer (300–1,000 m) displays a shorter warming during 2004–2009 and an intense cooling during 2010–2016. By decomposing temperature variations into heaving and spice components, and performing a heat budget analysis, we show that temperature variations in the intermediate layer during these two periods are primarily contributed by isopycnal migrations driven by local wind forcing. Local wind change in the subtropical SIO can be explained by the Indian Ocean Dipole and El Niño–Southern Oscillation during 2004–2016, while Southern Annular Mode (SAM) favors anomalous wind change in mid‐latitudes and the formation of basin‐wide wind change in the SIO. Additionally, wind forcing in the Subantarctic Mode Water (SAMW) formation region, which is closely linked to the SAM, modulates the anomalous spreading of SAMW into the interior of the subtropical SIO. This, therefore, leads to the SAMW intrusion being of secondary importance to the quasi‐decadal temperature variability. Our findings demonstrate the independence of wind‐driven temperature changes on the quasi‐decadal scale in the intermediate layer of the subtropical SIO under the overall warming background of SIO waters.
With the expansion of economic globalization, international exchanges have become the common phenomenon. Language is the carrier of culture and a necessary condition for cross-cultural communication. Translation is the expression of one language in another language, and the output of this language includes the thinking rules, habits and transfer of ideas of the source language. English translation is an important method to improve English application ability and promote cultural exchange. Any misunderstanding and misuse of the translation will undoubtedly cause negative effects. This paper is intended to explore some effective translation strategies and techniques for translating Chinese cultural words. In this regard, translators need to have an in-depth and comprehensive understanding and mastery of the Chinese and Western cultures. In the process of translation, they should fully follow the principles of appropriateness and use scientific and reasonable translation methods to accurately express the true meaning to the audience, so as to strengthen the Chinese and Western cultures. Keywords: Chinese cultural words; differences and similarities;intercultural communication; translation strategies
Obesity accounts for a substantial and growing burden of global disease, leading to high morbidity and mortality in type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and certain cancers. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) dissipates energy as heat and has been proposed as a therapeutic target to combat obesity. The unique thermogenic capacity of BAT is primarily conferred by uncoupling protein 1 (Ucp1) , which dissipates energy by uncoupling the proton motive force from ATP generation. To identify novel transcriptional regulators of Ucp1, we performed an unbiased CRISPR/Cas9-based chromatin immunoprecipitation assay (enChIP) and identified H2A.Z as a novel trans-acting factor recruited to the promoter and enhancer of Ucp1 by β3-adrenergic receptor (β3-AR) stimulation. H2A.Z is an essential and evolutionary conserved histone variant of the canonical histone H2A. Knockdown of H2A.Z in brown adipocytes led to lower β3-AR-induced Ucp1 level and impeded the expression of other known thermogenic genes (e.g., Cidea, Pgc1a) , leading to impaired cellular thermogenesis. Mechanistically, by profiling the genome-wide distribution of H2A.Z via ChIP-seq, we observed H2A.Z was enriched at promoter and enhancer of Ucp1 upon β3-AR stimulation, which is consistent with the enChIP result. Intriguingly, we found that the average occupancy of H2A.Z in the promoter and enhancer regions of other β3-AR-upregulated genes (e.g., Zfp516, Vdr, Pck1, Gys2) was also higher than that in non-stimulated condition, indicating a global regulatory role of H2A.Z in the thermogenic program in response to β3-AR stimulation. Additionally, in the enhancer regions of β3-AR-induced genes, we also detected an increased level of H2A.Z acetylation, which is a mark of active chromatin and confers an open chromatin conformation. Taken together, these findings reveal the essential role of H2A.Z-mediated chromatin organization in BAT thermogenic function. Disclosure Y.Zhang: None. R.Zheng: None. C.Wang: None. J.Darcy: None. K.Chen: None. Y.Tseng: Consultant; Cellarity. Funding National Institutes of Health (R01DK102898)
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