With an objective to develop a genetic map in pigeon pea (Cajanus spp.), a total of 554 diversity arrays technology (DArT) markers showed polymorphism in a pigeon pea F 2 mapping population of 72 progenies derived from an interspecific cross of ICP 28 (Cajanus cajan) and ICPW 94 (Cajanus scarabaeoides). Approximately 13% of markers did not conform to expected segregation ratio. The total number of DArT marker loci segregating in Mendelian manner was 405 with 73.1% (P > 0.001) of DArT markers having unique segregation patterns. Two groups of genetic maps were generated using DArT markers. While the maternal genetic linkage map had 122 unique DArT maternal marker loci, the paternal genetic linkage map has a total of 172 unique DArT paternal marker loci. The length of these two maps covered 270.0 cM and 451.6 cM, respectively. These are the first genetic linkage maps developed for pigeon pea, and this is the first report of genetic mapping in any grain legume using diversity arrays technology.[Yang S. Y., Saxena R. K., Kulwal P. L., Ash G. J., Dubey A., Harper J. D. I., Upadhyaya H. D., Gothalwal R., Kilian A. and Varshney R. K. 2011 The first genetic map of pigeon pea based on diversity arrays technology (DArT) markers. J. Genet. 90, [103][104][105][106][107][108][109]

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An evaporation duct climatology is constructed for the Gulf of Aden using a 31-year high-resolution data set from the climate reanalysis product National Centers for Environmental Prediction Climate Forecast System Reanalysis. The climatology reveals spatio-temporal heterogeneity in the evaporation duct height (EDH) regulated by the strong interplay between the seasonal monsoon reversals and the related atmospheric and oceanic responses. It also reveals that the Gulf of Aden exhibits a special EDH distribution that is distinct from the adjacent Arabian Sea when the southwest monsoon dominates the gulf. Under these conditions, the EDH of the entire gulf is significantly higher than that of the adjoining Arabian Sea. A cliff-style EDH drop (referred to as the EDH cliff) forms at the mouth of the Gulf of Aden. Furthermore, the influence of the EDH cliff on marine radar was investigated using a ray-optics method. Based on the analysis, it was found that the local EDH significantly affects the radar detection ability beneath the evaporation duct for ships sailing in the Gulf of Aden.

In deep-sea source localization, some of the existing methods only estimate the source range, while the others produce large errors in distance estimation when estimating both the range and depth. Here, a convolutional neural network-based method with high accuracy is introduced, in which the source localization problem is solved as a regression problem. The proposed neural network is trained by a normalized acoustic matrix and used to predict the source position. Experimental data from the western Pacific indicate that this method performs satisfactorily: the mean absolute percentage error of the range is 2.10%, while that of the depth is 3.08%.

The interannual variability of the evaporation duct over the South China Sea is investigated during the boreal winter and summer seasons using data sets from the National Centers for Environment Prediction Climate Forecast System Reanalysis. During winter, the distribution is characterized by a tripole‐like structure, whereas in summer the pattern exhibits a west‐east contrast. Special attention is paid to the links of the evaporation duct with the regional evaporation by analyzing the leading empirical orthogonal functions of both elements. Both the structural similarity in spatial patterns and the significant correlation in the principal components imply the inherent relevance between evaporation duct and evaporation. During both the winter and summer seasons, the empirical orthogonal function principal component 1 of the evaporation duct and evaporation are linked significantly with the regional atmospheric dynamics, the primary factor dominating the whole South China Sea. The partial correlation analysis reveals that, similar to the evaporation process, surface wind is a more important factor affecting evaporation duct than sea surface temperature. The results also indicate that the influence of surface wind and SST not only has an obvious seasonal dependence, but also displays a prominent south‐north contrast.

The distance of conventional X-band microwave propagation over the sea surface is within 'radio line-of-sight' (RLOS) which limits its application in long-range land-buoy communication. To overcome the above limitation, evaporation duct (EVD) is employed as an alternative to the physical channel in the land-buoy communication and the corresponding communication distance could be extended to hundreds of kilometers. To explore the effects of EVD channels on communication signaling, an over-the-sea trans-horizon propagation experiment was conducted in the northern part of the South China Sea. The statistical features of the received signal level (RSL), e.g. median, fading range, and probability density function (PDF), are reported. Moreover, the influence of sea surface wind speed and the height of the receiving terminals on RSL fluctuation are also discussed. Finally, Some conclusions are given.

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BACKGROUND Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is an important crop in Australian farming systems, however, weed control is a major constraint due to a lack of in‐crop broadleaf herbicide options. To address this, we developed acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS) inhibitor herbicide tolerance in faba bean using mutagenesis techniques. Dose–response experiments, agronomic field evaluation and DNA sequencing of the AHAS gene were used to quantify and validate tolerance traits. RESULTS Four M2 faba bean single‐plant biotypes (IMI‐1, IMI‐2, IMI‐3 and IMI‐4) at a frequency of 3.63 × 10−6 were successfully recovered. Molecular characterisation of the AHAS gene identified two known target site mutations (resulting in protein substitutions Ala205Val and Ser653Asn) conferring tolerance. Phenotypic characterisation found that both mutations conferred high levels of tolerance to the imidazolinone herbicide imazapyr. However, although the Ala205Val substitution showed improved levels of cross‐tolerance to a range of sulfonylurea chemistries, the Ser653Asn substitution did not. In the field, IMI‐3 showed the highest level of agronomic tolerance across a range of imidazolinone herbicides. CONCLUSIONS Mutagenesis techniques were successful in the development of tolerance to AHAS inhibitor herbicides in faba bean, and could facilitate the first safe in‐crop broadleaf herbicide control option in Australian faba bean production. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry