This work is based on the master's thesis of the first author. Objectives: Despite the continuous body of research on vocabulary in augmentative and alternative communication, it is difficult to find related studies on vocabulary use in young children. The purpose of this study was to investigate vocabulary use patterns in preschool children by collecting narrative data, and analyzing it by word units. Methods: The subjects were 53 normal children between the ages of 4 and 6 (26 boys and 27 girls). Subjects were asked to carry out three narrative production tasks (retelling a story, personal experience, and script). Produced utterances were analyzed for high frequency words according to task type and age group, percentage of core vocabulary in the total vocabulary, percentage of structure words and content words in the core vocabulary, and use and percentage of fringe vocabulary in total tasks. Results: The appearance of high frequency words differed according to task type and age group. Core vocabulary consisted of 72% of the total word production, representing a large proportion of the total vocabulary. The ratio of structure words to content words was 19:81, showing that content words were more dominant, while the percentage of fringe vocabulary of the total vocabulary was much lower at 7.45%. Conclusion: Vocabulary use in children is affected by the type of task. This study was significant in that it collected narrative utterances to analyze the core vocabulary in preschool children.
The aim of this study was to investigate the removal of fluoride using thermally treated pyrophyllite as adsorbent.Sorption experiments were conducted under batch conditions to examine the effects of adsorbent dose, reaction time, initial fluoride concentration and solution pH on fluoride removal. In the experiments, the pyrophyllite thermally treated at different temperatures [untreated (P-U), 400℃ (P-400), 600℃ (P-600)] were used. Results showed that the adsorption capacity was in the order of P-400 > P-U > P-600. The XRD analysis indicated that both P-U and P-400 were composed of quartz, dickite and pyrophyllite while P-600 was quartz. The BET analysis showed that the specific surface area was in the order of P-600 > P-400 > P-U. Kinetic data showed that fluoride sorption to P-400 arrived at equilibrium around 24 h. Equilibrium test demonstrated that the maximum sorption capacity of P-400 was 0.957 mg/g. In addition, fluoride removal by P-400 was not sensitive to solution pH between 4 and 10. However, fluoride removal decreased considerably at highly acidic (pH < 4) and alkaline (pH > 10) conditions. This study demonstrates that pyrophyllite could be used as a low-cost adsorbent for fluoride removal from aqueous solution.
This study aims at surveying how Koreans look upon and prepare for the age of longevity("age of 100 years") drawing near at hand, analyzing factors affecting such a perception and behavior. To this end, a telephone survey was launched for 1200 persons sampled to evenly comprise the young, middle-aged, and elderly groups. Our findings indicate that more Koreans looked upon the upcoming"age of 100 years"as a'disaster' rather than a'blessing.'The sense of combined uneasiness over the aged life being further elongated while they are unprepared for it, anxiety over maintaining health and so forth came into play. However, the better a person is prepared by way of health management, savings for retirement, preparation for leisure
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