Background: China's coastal wetlands belong to some of the most threatened ecosystems worldwide. The loss and degradation of these wetlands seriously threaten waterbirds that depend on wetlands.
The aim of the study was to objectively analyze the outcomes for minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy (MPCNL) vs standard percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) by systematic review and meta-analysis of published data. A systematic literature review was performed in November 2014 using the PUBMED, EMBASE and Cochrane Library databases to identify relevant studies. Only comparative studies investigating MPCNL vs PCNL were included. Effect sizes were estimated by pooled odds ratio (ORs) and mean differences (MDs). The analyzed outcomes were stone-free rate (SFR), blood loss, pain assessment, operative time, hospital stay and complications. We identified 8 trials with a total 749 patients. 353 patients were treated with MPCNL and 396 with PCNL. Meta-analysis of the data showed that there was no difference in SFR between MPCNL and PCNL (OR 1.06, 95% CI 0.71-1.58). Patients in the MPCNL group experienced less drop in hemoglobin (MD: -4.67 g/L, 95% CI -7.29 to -2.04), a lower incidence of blood transfusion (OR 0.18, 95% CI 0.06-0.54), less pain (visual analog score) (MD: -0.53, 95% CI -0.94 to -0.13) and shorter hospitalization (MD: -1.32 days, 95% CI -2.15 to -0.50). Operative time was longer in the MPCNL group (MD: 15.54 min, 95% CI 4.25-26.83). Postoperative fever and pyelocalyceal perforation did not differ between the groups (p = 0.38 and 0.44, respectively). Current evidence suggested that MPCNL was a safe and effective procedure with an SFR comparable to that of PCNL. MPCNL resulted in less bleeding, fewer transfusion, less pain and shorter hospitalization. Well-designed multicentric/international randomized, controlled trials are still needed.
Fifteen bacterial strains isolated from molasses grass (Melinis minutiflora Beauv.) were identified as nitrogen-fixers by using the acetylene-reduction assay and PCR amplification of nifH gene fragments. These strains were classified as a unique group by insertion sequence-PCR fingerprinting, SDS-PAGE protein patterns, DNA-DNA hybridization, 16S rRNA gene sequencing and morphological characterization. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene indicated that these diazotrophic strains belonged to the genus Azospirillum and were closely related to Azospirillum lipoferum (with 97?5 % similarity). In all the analyses, including in addition phenotypic characterization using Biolog MicroPlates and comparison of cellular fatty acids, this novel group was found to be different from the most closely related species, Azospirillum lipoferum. Based on these data, a novel species, Azospirillum melinis sp. nov., is proposed for these endophytic diazotrophs of M. minutiflora, with TMCY 0552 T (=CCBAU 5106001 T =LMG 23364 T =CGMCC 1.5340 T ) as the type strain. INTRODUCTIONAssociation of nitrogen-fixing bacteria and herbaceous plants is a common phenomenon in nature. From this association, wild grasses can obtain nitrogen fixed by the bacteria and grow in nitrogen-deficient soils. Diverse endophytic diazotrophs have been isolated from maize, rice, sorghum, sugar cane, cameroon grass and other gramineous plants (Baldani et al., 1986 Olivares et al., 1996;Reis et al., 2004). Some of these plants could associate with a wide range of bacteria, such as in the case of Kallar grass [Leptochloa fusca (L.) Kunth], a pioneer plant grown on salt-affected, often flooded, low-fertility soils in the Punjab of Pakistan, which has been found to be associated with five nitrogen-fixing endophytic bacterial species (ReinholdHurek et al., 1993;Tan & Reinhold-Hurek, 2003).To date, diverse nitrogen-fixing bacteria, including Azospirillum lipoferum, Azospirillum brasilense, Azospirillum halopraeferens, Azoarcus indigens, Azoarcus communis, Azovibrio restrictus, Azospira oryzae and Burkholderia tropica, have been isolated from the roots of numerous wild and cultivated grasses grown in tropical, subtropical and temperate regions all over the world (Kirchhof et al., 1997;Reinhold et al., 1986Reinhold et al., , 1987Reinhold & Hurek, 1988;Reinhold-Hurek et al., 1993;Reis et al., 2004;Tarrand et al., 1978). Among these bacteria, Azospirillum species have been isolated from roots of numerous wild and cultivated grasses, cereals, food crops and soils in various regions. Based on their microaerophilic and nitrogen-fixing characteristics, semi-solid nitrogen-free medium (Döbereiner, 1980) was the key to the successful isolation of these bacteria. At present, eight species have been described within this genus, including the two original species, Azospirillum lipoferum and Azospirillum brasilense (Tarrand et al., 1978), and the later-described species Azospirillum amazonense (Magalhães et al., 1983), Azospirillum halopraeferens (Reinhold et al., 1987) supplie...
Avian leukosis virus (ALV) causes high mortality associated with tumor formation and decreased fertility, and results in major economic losses in the poultry industry worldwide. Recently, a putative novel ALV subgroup virus named ALV-K was observed in Chinese local chickens. In this study, a novel ALV strain named GD14LZ was isolated from a Chinese local yellow broiler in 2014. The proviral genome was sequenced and phylogenetically analyzed. The replication ability and pathogenicity of this virus were also evaluated. The complete proviral genome sequence of GD14LZ was 7482 nt in length, with a genetic organization typical of replication-competent type C retroviruses lacking viral oncogenes. Sequence analysis showed that the gag, pol and gp37 genes of GD14LZ have high sequence similarity to those of other ALV strains (A-E subgroups), especially to those of ALV-E. The gp85 gene of the GD14LZ isolate showed a low sequence similarity to those other ALV strains (A-E subgroups) but showed high similarity to strains previously described as ALV-K. Phylogenetic analysis of gp85 also suggested that the GD14LZ isolate was related to ALV-K strains. Further study showed that this isolate replicated more slowly and was less pathogenic than other ALV strains. These results indicate that the GD14LZ isolate belongs to the novel subgroup ALV-K and probably arose by recombination of ALV-K with endogenous viruses with low replication and pathogenicity. This virus might have existed in local Chinese chickens for a long time.
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