Cronobacter spp. are opportunistic pathogens that can cause serious diseases in neonates and infants via consumption of contaminated milk powder. To determine Cronobacter spp. contamination status, 632 samples, including 15 evaporated milk, 45 intermediate powder, 150 finished products, and 422 manufacturing environment samples, were collected from 3 goat milk powder factories in Shaanxi province, China, from July 2013 to April 2014. The recovered Cronobacter isolates were subtyped using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis to trace the potential dissemination routes during the whole production processing. Sixty-seven Cronobacter spp. isolates were recovered. The prevalence rates in manufacturing environment, intermediate powder, and finished products were 92.5, 6.0, and 1.5%, respectively. The predominant species were Cronobacter sakazakii (88.1%); no Cronobacter turicensis, Cronobacter condimenti, or Cronobacter dublinensis were detected. Sixty-seven Cronobacter isolates were grouped in 26 clusters by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, and substantial genetic similarity was observed among isolates from different sampling sites in the same factory. Isolates in the main clusters were commonly recovered from intermediate powder, floor powder, and shoes. These data indicated that air, powder, and personnel movement were potential routes for Cronobacter dissemination, and manufacturing environment is the key control point for Cronobacter contamination.
International audienceYak milk dreg is a popular dairy product with a unique flavor which is frequently consumed in Tibet. The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence and distribution of yeasts in yak milk dreg of Tibet. Ninety-one yeast colonies were isolated from ten yak milk dreg samples, and the isolates belonged to seven genera and ten different species based on the phenotypic characterization and analysis of ITS/5.8S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) gene. The distribution of each species among ten samples was as follows: Kluyveromyces lactis (6/10), Pichia fermentans (6/10), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (6/10), Rhodotorula mucilaginosa (6/10), Kluyveromyces marxianus (5/10), Pichia kudriavzevii (4/10), Torulaspora delbrueckii (2/10), Torulaspora quercuum (2/10), Debaryomyces hansenii (1/10), and Cryptococcus albidus (1/10). The present study reports for the first time the yeast profile in yak milk dreg products of Tibet in China, which provides useful information and yeast strain resource for further studies involving probiotic strain selection and starter culture design for the industrial production of yak milk dreg
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