The three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction technique serves as a practical tool in diagnosis, surgical planning, and outcome prediction of plastic and reconstructive surgery. In our study, the morphologic features of the Chinese adult orbit were described by 11 anatomic parameters using a 3D reconstruction technique. Sixty-four Chinese adults were selected randomly from patients who had undergone craniofacial computed tomography (CT) scans to diagnose conditions other than craniofacial or orbital deformations. The morphologic parameters of orbit such as bony orbital volume, orbital foramen area and orbital rim perimeter were measured on 3D models using this technique. Differences between the two orbits and between the two sexes were investigated. The method of measurement showed high reproducibility of results. No difference between the two orbits was found. There were significant differences between men and women in all anatomic parameters other than orbital height. In men and women, respectively, mean bony orbital volume was 26.02 and 23.32 mL, mean orbital foramen area 11. 80 It is concluded that the measurements of these orbital parameters could be obtained from a 3D reconstruction method. The two orbits were symmetric based on orbital volume and other anatomic parameters. Orbital size was significantly smaller in women than in men; orbital height, however, was similar. The findings of the present study allow for quantification of the orbital features of Chinese adults and provide parameters for preoperative planning and prediction of postoperative outcome.

Iron overload and AQP4 may play a critical role in the formation of brain edema after ICH. In addition, AQP4 expression was affected by iron concentration. Importantly, treatment with DFO significantly reduced brain edema in rats and inhibited the AQP4 upregulation after ICH. Deferoxamine may be a potential therapeutic agent for treating ICH.

The cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the development of tendinopathy are not clear, but inflammatory mediators produced by tendon fibroblasts in response to repetitive mechanical loading may be an important factor for this illness. In this study, we explored the effect of cyclic mechanical stretching on collagen synthesis and apoptosis of human patellar tendon fibroblasts (HPTFs). The role of a candidate inflammatory mediator, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGFβ1), which we identified in a cytokine antibody array, in collagen synthesis and apoptosis during repetitive mechanical stretching was also investigated. Our results showed that there was a significant increase in collagen type I synthesis at 4% and 8% stretch. Significantly, enhancement of apoptosis may account for the observed decrease in fibroblast numbers after 8% stretching. Furthermore, the exogenous addition of an anti-TGFβ1 antibody or gene silencing by si-TGFβ1 eliminated the increase in collagen type I production and activities of caspases during apoptosis under cyclic uniaxial stretching conditions. These results suggest that TGFβ1 may take part in the increase of cellular production of collagen type I and apoptosis during the development of tendinopathy. Furthermore, caspase 8 mediates activation of caspase 3 and poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) cleavage during TGFβ1-induced apoptosis in stretching HPTFs.

The C-ESAS is a good tool for measuring multidimensional symptoms in Chinese patients.