Crossmodal correspondences refer to the fact that certain domains of features in different sensory modalities are associated with each other. Here, we investigated the crossmodal correspondences between speech sounds and visual shapes. Specifically, we tested whether the classification dimensions of English vowels (front–central–back) and consonants (voiced–voiceless, sonorant–obstruent, and stop–continuant) correspond to visual shapes along a bipolar rounded–angular dimension. We adapted eighteen meaningless pseudowords from a previous study that corresponded to either the round or the sharp concept. On each trial, the participants heard one of the pseudowords and saw a rounded shape and an angular shape presented side-by-side on the monitor. Participants judged which shape provided a better match to the spoken pseudoword. A logistic regression was conducted in order to elucidate the effectiveness of classification dimensions of phonemes when predicting variations in the sound–shape matchings. The results demonstrated that the sound–shape matchings were predictable using front–central–back dimensions of vowels, and voiced–voiceless and stop–continuant dimensions of consonants. Hence, we verified that sound–shape matching is underpinned by contrasting dimensions in both vowels and consonants, therefore demonstrating crossmodal correspondences at the phonetic level.
678 Background: Pancreatic cancer is a highly malignant tumor with poor prognosis. Therefore, identification of prognostic markers is very crucial for improved risk stratification in pancreatic cancer patients. Although various systemic inflammatory markers have been investigated for their prognostic roles in pancreatic cancer, inconsistent results have been found across studies. Accordingly, the present study aimed to identify the prognostic value of inflammatory markers for patients with pancreatic cancer. Methods: The study enrolled 185 patients with pancreatic cancer. The inflammatory markers, namely, the modified Glasgow Prognostic Score (mGPS), the prognostic nutritional index (PNI), the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR), the platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR), the C-reactive protein (CRP)/albumin ratio (CAR), the platelet/albumin ratio (PAR), and the CRP/lymphocyte ratio (CLR), were evaluated. Receiver operating characteristics curve analysis was performed to determine the cut-off values. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to analyze the factors affecting the prognosis. Results: The mean age of the patients was 64.1 years (with a standard deviation of 11.1), and their average overall survival (OS) was 10.5 months (95% confidence interval [CI] = 9.7–11.4). In the univariate analysis, metastatic disease, carbohydrate antigen (CA)19-9, mGPS, PNI, NLR, PLR, CAR, and CLR were significantly associated with OS ( P< 0.05). In the multivariate analysis, metastatic diseases (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.52, 95% CI = 1.03–6.15, P = 0.04), CA19-9 (HR = 3.96, 95% CI = 2.01–7.79, P< 0.001), PLR (HR = 2.37, 95% CI = 1.11–5.04, P = 0.03), and CAR (HR = 4.45, 95% CI = 2.19–9.03, P < 0.001) were identified as independent prognostic factors for OS. Conclusions: Pretreatment PLR, CAR, CA 19-9 , and metastatic diseases were found to be independent indicators of poor prognosis in patients with pancreatic cancer. We believe that our findings will shed light on the identification of prognostic factors, which might enable a better risk stratification in pancreatic cancer patients.
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