Fe single atoms and N co‐doped carbon nanomaterials (Fe‐N‐C) are the most promising oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalysts to replace platinum group metals. However, high‐activity Fe single‐atom catalysts suffer from poor stability owing to the low graphitization degree. Here, an effective phase‐transition strategy is reported to enhance the stability of Fe‐N‐C catalysts by inducing increased degree of graphitization and incorporation of Fe nanoparticles encapsulated by graphitic carbon layer without sacrificing activity. Remarkably, the resulted Fe@Fe‐N‐C catalysts achieved excellent ORR activity (E1/2 = 0.829 V) and stability (19 mV loss after 30K cycles) in acid media. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations agree with experimental phenomena that additional Fe nanoparticles not only favor to the activation of O2 by tailoring d‐band center position but also inhibit the demetallization of Fe active center from FeN4 sites. This work provides a new insight into the rational design of highly efficient and durable Fe‐N‐C catalysts for ORR.
Background: Midline catheters (MCs) have been widely applied in clinical settings as they can provide painless venous access, thus improving the quality of life and reducing medical costs. Nursing-sensitive indicators (NSIs) are real and effective measures of nursing quality. Using evidence-based methods, we established the NSIs of MC care, with an attempt to provide a basis for evaluating and monitoring nursing quality for MC use. Methods: An electronic search was performed in 5 databases including China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Chinese Scientific Journal Database (VIP), Wanfang Data, PubMed, and Web of Science to identify studies that evaluated nursing quality during MC use. Two evaluators independently selected literature, extracted data, and evaluated the risk of bias. According to the Donabedian's structureprocess-outcome model, we divided the NSIs into 3 levels.
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