Highlights
Ultrasonically induced degradation of KET and PCT was investigated for comparison.
Various factors affecting ultrasonic degradation behavior were evaluated.
Degradation pathways in the ultrasonic process were proposed.
The toxicity of the reaction solution decreased, as reflected in HUVECs.
Ultrasonic treatment enhanced the formation of TCM and TCNM during postchlorination.
The effect of nitrogen compounds and moisture regimes on the inhibition of the biological hydrolysis of parathion in rice straw‐amended soil under flooded conditions was studied. Single applications of rice straw, potassium nitrate or ammonium sulphate to the flooded soil, inoculated with parathion‐hydrolysing enrichment culture, inhibited the hydrolysis of the insecticide; the inhibition was reversed, however, in combined applications of rice straw with potassium nitrate or with ammonium sulphate. Aqueous extracts of rice straw‐amended soils incubated under flooded undisturbed conditions as well as at 100% moisture inhibited the hydrolysis. The inhibitory factor was not formed in rice straw‐amended flooded soils incubated at 50 and 75% moisture levels.
In an isotope study, the effect of ferrous sulfate on the degradation of parathion was studied under flooded soil conditions. The addition of ferrous sulfate to flooded soil led to more rapid and extensive degradation of parathion with the formation of additional degradation products in ferrous sulfate-amended soil. This effect was not pronounced when ferrous sulfate was added to non-flooded soil or to flooded autoclaved soil. Sulfate, rather than Fe2+, was implicated in the extensive degradation of parathion.
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