Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), a group of nourishing and health-promoting nutrients, ameliorate age-related chronic diseases. However, how PUFA especially n-3 PUFA exert anti-aging functions remains poorly understood. Here we link fish oil, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (AA) to the aging etiology via a redox-telomere-antioncogene axis based on D-galactose-induced aging mice. Both fish oil and PUFA enhanced hepatic superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activities and cardiac SOD activities within the range of 18%-46%, 26%-65% and 19%-58%, respectively, whereas reduced cerebral monoamine oxidase activity, plasma F2-isoprostane level and cerebral lipid peroxidation level by 56%-90%, 20%-79% and 16%-54%, respectively. Thus, PUFA improve the in vivo redox and oxidative stress induced aging process, which however does not exhibit a dose-dependent manner. Notably, both PUFA and fish oil effectively inactivated testicular telomerase and inhibited c-Myc-mediated telomerase reverse transcriptase expression, whereas n-3 PUFA rather than n-6 PUFA protected liver and testes against telomere shortening within the range of 13%-25% and 25%-27%, respectively. Therefore, n-3 PUFA may be better at inhibiting the DNA damage induced aging process. Surprisingly, only DHA significantly suppressed cellular senescence pathway evidenced by testicular antioncogene p16 and p53 expression. This work provides evident support for the crosstalk between PUFA especially n-3 PUFA and the aging process via maintaining the in vivo redox homeostasis, rescuing age-related telomere attrition and down-regulating the antioncogene expression.
Abstract:The efficiency and scalability of geographical routing depend on the accuracy of location information of vehicles. Each vehicle determines its location using Global Positioning System (GPS) or other positioning systems. Related literature in geographical routing implicitly assumes accurate location information. However, this assumption is unrealistic considering the accuracy limitation of GPS and obstruction of signals by road side environments. The inaccurate location information results in performance degradation of geographical routing protocols in vehicular environments. In this context, this paper proposes a location error resilient geographical routing (LER-GR) protocol. Rayleigh distribution based error calculation technique is utilized for assessing error in the location of neighbouring vehicles. Kalman filter based location prediction and correction technique is developed to predict the location of the neighbouring vehicles. The next forwarding vehicle (NFV) is selected based on the least error in location information. Simulations are carried out to evaluate the performance of LER-GR in realistic environments, considering junction-based as well as real map-based road networks. The comparative performance evaluation attests the location error resilient capability of LER-GR in a vehicular environment.
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