This study aimed to prepare a nanoemulsion vehicle to improve the oral bioavailability of hesperetin. The pseudo-ternary phase diagrams and the RSM were used to optimize nanoemulsion parameters. Compared with hesperetin suspension, the AUC 0-t and C max of nanoemulsion were increased by 5.67-fold and 2.64-fold, respectively. The proportion of lymphatic transport reached 87.72%, the cumulative absorption amount of jejunum, ileum, and duodenum increased by 1.1-fold, 1.92-fold, and 1.5-fold, respectively. The results implied that hesperetin nanoemulsion could effectively improve the bioavailability of hesperetin by increasing lymphatic transport and enhancing intestinal permeability. Therefore, nanoemulsion is a potential method to improve the bioavailability of hesperetin, which has strong practicability.

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In this work, we assessed the effects of sinomenine (SN) on intestinal octreotide (OCT) absorption both in Caco-2 cell monolayers and in rats. We also investigated the molecular mechanisms of tight junction (TJ) disruption and recovery by SN-mediated changes in the claudin-1 and protein kinase C (PKC) signaling pathway. The data showed that exposure to SN resulted in a significant decrease in the expression of claudin-1, which represented TJ weakening and paracellular permeability enhancement. Then, the recovery of TJ after SN removal required an increase in claudin-1, which demonstrated the transient and reversible opening for TJ. Meanwhile, the SN-mediated translocation of PKC-α from the cytosol to the membrane was found to prove PKC activation. Finally, SN significantly improved the absolute OCT bioavailability in rats and the transport rate in Caco-2 cell monolayers. We conclude that SN has the ability to enhance intestinal OCT absorption and that these mechanisms are related at least in part to the important role of claudin-1 in SN-mediated, reversible TJ opening via PKC activation.

Nine groups of cement mortar with different mix proportion were designed to measure their fluidity 0h, 0.25h, 0.5h, 0.75h and 1h later, compressive strength and rupture strength of 3d, 7d and 28d were also tested to find out the relationship between compressive strength, rupture strength, water-cement ratio and sand-cement ratio by software Origin. Considered the three factors above, the optimum mixture ratio was determined finally to meet the requirements.

The effects of fly ash, sodium carbonate content, foaming temperature and foaming time on foam glass aperture sizes and their distribution were analyzed by the orthogonal experimental design. Results from the steady-state method showed a normal distribution of the number of apertures with change in average aperture, which ranges from 0.1 to 2.0 mm for more than 93% of apertures. For a given porosity, the thermal conductivity decreases with the increase of the aperture size. The apertures in the sample have obvious effects in blocking the heat flow transmission: heat flow is quickly diverted to both sides when encountered with the aperture. When the thickness of the sample is constant, the thermal resistance of the foam glass sample increases with increasing porosity, leading to better thermal insulation. Furthermore, our results suggest that the more evenly distributed and orderly arranged the apertures are in the foam glass material, the larger the thermal resistance of the material and hence, the better the thermal insulation.

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