The biomass hydrolysis residue (BHR) is the residue consisting of mainly lignin after the biomass-to-ethanol process. A combustion kinetic comparison of the biomass material (BM), BHR, and three main components (lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose) is studied by thermogravimetry (TG) using the Kissinger method and Flynn–Wall–Ozawa (FWO) method under five different heating rates. The results show that the ignition temperature (T i) and burnout temperature (T b) of BHR are both higher than those of BM. BM burns more sufficient than BHR because it contains more fixed carbon content. The results show that the activation energy calculated by the Kissinger method for the corn cob hydrolysis residue (CCHR), corn straw hydrolysis residue (CSHR) and corn cob (CC) is 188.08, 192.76 and 205.76 kJ/mol, respectively. The results calculated by the FWO method show that, when the mass conversion (α) is small, E BHR > E BM, as α increases, E of BM gradually exceeds that of BHR. This could explain the phenomenon why BHR ignites earlier than BM but burns out later than BM. The power law (P4 and P2) reaction models are proper to describe the experimental behavior of BHR and BM, respectively. This paper also verifies that, on the premise of an accurate measurement of the three main components in BM and BHR, the TG curves and kinetic parameters of BM and BHR can be predicted.
A variety of clean-energy heating systems were applied in China with multiple energy systems complementing each other according to local conditions. The purposes are pushing forward a supply-side structural reformation; coordinating the utilization of waste heat in high energy-consuming enterprises; realizing the energy cascade use; improving the ecological environment. This paper introduces a coupling energy station of 10 new clean-energy heating systems located in the central city district in Jinan. It could make full use of renewable energy and ensure high-quality heating in winter, increase energy utilization efficiency, replace fossil fuels, and reduce primary energy consumption. Furthermore, it can make up for the deficiency of a single system and reduce the emissions from fossil fuels. After comparing the heating parameters, the authors got the conclusions that the heating area of this new energy system is equal to the traditional coal system burning 9,508.032 tons of standard coal, which means in each heating season, about 7,233.33 × 10 7 m 3 of waste gases, 45.64 tons of SO 2 emissions, 69.586 tons of NO x emissions, and 139.52 tons of soot emissions will be avoided. So, this new energy heating system is safe, stable, energysaving, environmentally friendly, and effective, which can completely replace the heating system of traditional coal-fired boilers.
This paper presents the experimental and numerical study of the laminar burning velocity and pollutant emissions of the mixture gas of methane and carbon dioxide. Compared to previous research, a wider range of experimental conditions was realized in this paper: CO2 dilution level up to 60% (volume fraction) and equivalence ratio of 0.7–1.3. The burning velocities were measured using the heat flux method. The CO and NO emissions after premixed combustion were measured by a gas analyzer placed 20 cm downstream of the flame. The one-dimensional free flames were simulated using the in-house laminar flame code CHEM1D. Four chemical kinetic mechanisms, GRI-Mech 3.0, San Diego, Konnov, and USC Mech II were used in Chem1D. The results showed that, for laminar burning velocity, the simulation results are all lower than the experimental results. GRI Mech 3.0 showed the best agreement when the CO2 content was below 20%. USC Mech II showed the best consistency when the CO2 content was between 40 and 60%. For CO emission, these four mechanisms all showed a small error compared with the experiments. When CO2 content is higher than 40%, the deviation between simulation and experiment becomes bigger. When the CO2 ratio is more than 20%, the proportion of CO2 does not affect CO emission so much. For NO emission, when the CO2 content is 40%, the results from simulation and experiment showed a good agreement. As the proportion of CO2 increases, the difference in NO emissions decreases.
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