Dermatologic problems of the face affect both function and aesthetics, which are based on complex anatomical features. Treating dermatologic problems while preserving the aesthetics and functions of the face requires knowledge of normal anatomy. When performing successfully invasive procedures of the face, it is essential to understand its underlying topographic anatomy. This chapter presents the anatomy of the facial musculature and neurovascular structures in a systematic way with some clinically important aspects. We describe the attachments of the mimetic and masticatory muscles and emphasize their functions and nerve supply. We highlight clinically relevant facial topographic anatomy by explaining the course and location of the sensory and motor nerves of the face and facial vasculature with their relations. Additionally, this chapter reviews the recent nomenclature of the branching pattern of the facial artery.

Thoracoscopic approaches are minimally invasive procedures and they can be used safely in patients who need anterior exposure to the thoracic spine for the treatment of a spectrum of diseases. Knowledge of the normal anatomy and thoracoscopic cadaver dissection are essential steps in improving the learning curve.

1588he vertebral artery (VA) branches from the superoposterior aspect of the first part of the subclavian artery (SA) and ascends to enter the transverse foramen of the sixth cervical vertebra (C6); it ascends through the transverse foramina of the remaining vertebrae and goes behind the lateral mass of the atlas and then enters the cranial cavity through the foramen magnum. The VA has spinal and muscular branches in the neck region; in the cranium, it gives rise to anterior and posterior spinal arteries, meningeal arteries, and posterior inferior cerebellar artery. After giving their branches, two VA's unite with each other to form the basilar artery. The VA is divided into four parts according to the regions it passes. The first part (V1 segment) is the part between the its origin on the SA and the respective foramen transversarium, the second part (V2 segment) is the part High Ascending Vertebral Artery:Case Report ABS TRACT We noted that right vertebral artery of a 59-year-old male cadaver run towards the skull base and entered transverse foramen of fourth cervical vertebra (C4) after it branches from right subclavian artery. The length of the vertebral artery between its origin and the entrance point to the C4 (first part of the artery, V1 segment) was 11.8 cm and showed no tortuosity. The left vertebral artery was found normal. The frequency of this variation was reported between 0.5% and 2.08% in the literature. This type of variation of the vertebral artery may cause iatrogenic injuries during surgery of this region, especially when performing anterior and lateral approaches, and may cause difficulties in interpretation of the radiologic images, so it should be kept in mind.Key Words: Anatomy; vertebral artery; embryology ÖZET Bö lü mü müz de ki dis sek si yon uy gu la ma la rı sı ra sın da 59 ya şın da er kek bir ka dav ra da sağ a. ver teb ra lis 'in a. subc la vi a' dan çık tık tan son ra ka fa ta ba nı na doğ ru yük se lir ken dör dün cü ser vi kal ver teb ra nın (C4) fo ra men trans ver sa ri um 'un dan gir di ği gö rül dü. Ar te ri a ver teb ra lis 'in çı kış ye ri ile ver teb ra ya gir di ği yer ara sın da ki (bi rin ci par ça, V1 seg men ti) uzun lu ğu 11.8 cm idi ve kıv rım lı değil di. Sol a. ver teb ra lis nor mal ola rak bu lun du. Li te ra tür de bu var yas yo nun sık lı ğı nın %0.5 ilâ %2.08 ol du ğu bil di ril miş tir. Böy le bir a. ver teb ra lis var yas yo nu nun, özel lik le bo yun an te ri or ve ya la te ral yak la şım la rı ol mak üze re böl ge de uy gu la nan cer ra hi gi ri şim ler sı ra sın da ha sar lan ma la ra ve rad yolo jik gö rün tü le rin yo rum lan ma sı sı ra sın da zor luk la ra ne den ola bi le ce ği dü şü nül dü.Anah tar Ke li me ler: Anatomi; vertebral arter; embriyoloji Turkiye Klinikleri J Med Sci 2011;31(6):1588-90