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To observe whether different insulin glargine titration algorithms based on fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels lead to different glycaemic variations (GVs) in type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients, a prospective, randomized, single-centre, comparative, three-arm parallel-group, open-label, treat-to-target, 24-week study was performed. A total of 71 uncontrolled T2D patients were recruited and randomized 1 : 3 : 3 into Groups 1, 2, and 3 (insulin titration goals of FBG ≤ 5.6 , ≤6.1, and ≤7.0) for this study. The initiated insulin glargine dose was recommended at 0.2 U/kg/day and was then titrated following the FBG target. Patients were subjected to two 3-day continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) at baseline and the endpoint, wherein the CGM data were analysed, and the study’s primary endpoint was the difference in 24 hrs mean amplitude of glycaemic excursion (MAGE) among the three groups. We observed that patients in the three groups had similar MAGE levels at the endpoint; however, Group 2 achieved a significant decrease in the MAGE level from baseline to the endpoint as compared to Groups 1 and 3 (all p < 0.05 ). We also observed that these patients had significant glycated haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) value improvements as compared to the other two groups (all p < 0.05 ). Therefore, choosing an FBG level of 6.1 mmol/L as an insulin titration target provided significant GVs and HbA1c value improvements in T2D patients. Moreover, our data indicated that an FBG of 6.1 mmol/L could possibly be an insulin glargine titration target in T2D patients.

Abstract:As an alternative preservation method to thermal treatment, ultrasound is a novel non-thermal processing technology that can significantly avoid undesirable nutritional changes. However, recently literature indicated that anthocyanin degradation occurred when high amplitude ultrasound was applied to juice. This work mainly studied the effect of ultrasound on the stability and antioxidant capacity of pelargonidin-3-glucoside (Pg-3-glu) and the correlation between anthocyanin degradation and •OH generation in a simulated system. Results indicated that the spectral intensities of Pg-3-glu decreased with increasing ultrasound power (200-500 W) and treatment time (0-60 min). The degradation trend was consistent with first-order reaction kinetics (R 2 > 0.9100). Further study showed that there was a good linear correlation between Pg-3-glu degradation and •OH production (R 2 = 0.8790), which indicated the important role of •OH in the degradation of anthocyanin during ultrasound exposure. Moreover, a decrease in the antioxidant activity of solution(s) containing Pg-3-glu as evaluated by the DPPH and FRAP methods was observed after ultrasound treatment.

BackgroundIn recent years, there have been an increasing number of studies on trigeminal neuralgia (TN). However, a scientific and comprehensive study of the current situation and trends in the field of TN research is lacking. The purpose of this study is to summarize and visualize the development, research hotspots, and future trends in TN based on a bibliometric approach.MethodsStudies on TN published from 2001 to 2021 were obtained from the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC). Bibliometrics, CiteSpace, and VOSviewer tools were used for bibliometric analysis and visualization.ResultsIn total, 4,112 documents were searched. The number of research articles in the field is generally on an upward trend, with the fastest growth in the number of articles from 2017 to 2020. Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Pittsburgh University, and Mayo Clinic are the three institutions with the most publications. Shiting Li and Zakrzewska JM are the most prolific author and top co-cited authors, respectively. The Journal of Neurosurgery is the most influential journal. The top 5 keywords in that time frame are TN, microvascular decompression, facial pain, stereotactic radiosurgery, and neuropathic pain.ConclusionThis is the first comprehensive scientific bibliometric analysis of the global research field on TN over the past 21 years, providing a meaningful reference for further exploration of topical issues and research trends in the field.

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Genital human papillomavirus (HPV) is associated with the development of cutaneous malignant tumors, and differences in HPV subtypes are found in several cancers by histology. NF-κB is persistently activated in most cancers and confers a survival advantage to cancer cells, while A20 is a critical negative regulator of NF-κB and is an important tumor suppressor inactivated in B cell lymphomas. This study was undertaken to identify HPV types in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) as well as to determine whether the crosstalk of A20/NF-κB was involved in HPV-induced SCC. Overall, HPV positivity was observed to be 66.2 %, with HPV16 being most common followed by infection with HPV18. Out of 43 HPV-positive samples, 35 samples were positive for one or more high-risk HPV (HR-HPV) types, suggesting a high association of SCC with HR-HPV infection, while only five HPV infections were detected in 21 normal skin samples and low-risk HPV (LR-HPV) infection was the most common. Both A20 and NF-κB were overexpressed in HPV-positive SCC samples (56 vs 87.4 %) and were closely correlated with TNM stage and lymph node transfer, respectively. More interestingly, the expression of A20 and NF-κB was much higher in HR-HPV samples than in LR-HPV samples. These results suggest that the crosstalk of A20 and NF-κB may contribute to HR-HPV-associated tumor growth and metastasis of SCC and may be a novel therapeutic target for SCC in the future.

Abstract. The aim of the present study was to explore the effect of the topical application of calcipotriol on the expression levels of zinc finger protein A20 and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in the skin lesions of patients with psoriasis vulgaris. The calcipotriol ointment was topically applied twice a day for 6 weeks by 26 patients with psoriasis vulgaris. At the end of weeks 2, 4 and 6 after the first application of calcipotriol ointment, the clinical efficacy and Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) score were compared with those prior to treatment. The expression of zinc finger protein A20 and NF-κB in the skin lesions prior to and following treatment with calcipotriol was measured by immunohistochemical staining and western blotting. At the end of week 6, the clinical effectiveness rate of calcipotriol was higher compared with that at the end of weeks 2 and 4 (χ 2 =8.12 and 9.06, respectively; P<0.05). The PASI score declined significantly at the end of weeks 2, 4 and 6 (t=9.37, 10.54 and 12.43; P<0.05, 0.05 and 0.001, respectively). At the end of week 6, the expression levels of zinc finger protein A20 and NF-κB were significantly lower compared with those prior to treatment (χ 2 =3.65 and 4.17, respectively; P<0.01). The expression levels of the two proteins were higher in the skin lesions of patients with psoriasis vulgaris prior to the initiation of treatment than in the skin of a normal control group. Following the 6-week treatment with calcipotriol, the expression levels of the two proteins in the psoriasis skin lesions were significantly lower than they were prior to treatment (P<0.01). Thus, the present study found that in addition to the typical pathway of NF-κB being targeted in the treatment of psoriasis with calcipotriol, the zinc finger protein A20 may also modulate the inflammatory response of psoriasis.

An efficient and green method has been developed for the synthesis of tetrahydroimidazo[1,2a]pyridines by three-component reactions of heterocyclic ketene aminals (HKAs), triethoxymethane and nitroalkenes in one pot in the absence of catalyst and solvent. This protocol has advantages of environmental friendliness, high yields (73-93%), short reaction time and convenient operation.