Direct discharge of a steam into pools with subcooled water is a very efficient way to condense steam. Therefore, steam discharges have been widely applied in the industry because they allow rapid condensation of steam by offering high heat transfer and mass exchange capacity. Many experiments of submerged jets of pure steam and non-condensable gases in pools have been carried out over the last few decades, providing much information of interest, but more studies continue to obtain a wider range of information. In particular, the study of non-condensable gases/steam mixtures is of great interest for the chemical, energy and nuclear industry. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the jet behavior through a series of experiments of air/steam mixtures discharged in a pool with stagnant water. Several tests have been performed by varying parameters, such as the nozzles diameters, mixing percentages, pressures and flow rates. In the current research, the jet behavior is investigated through direct visualization techniques by using a high-speed camera and image processing methods. The images of the jet discharge in the pool have been recorded to determine the interface between the gas mixture and the liquid. To carry out image processing, a MATLAB subroutine consisting of several steps was implemented. Experimental results showed that the nozzle diameter and the percentage of mixing play a significant role in the jet interface and jet pinch-off unsteadiness. The jet penetration length also was strongly influenced by the nozzle diameter and the mixing percentage.
The change towards a clean electric generation system is essential to achieve the economy decarbonization goal. The Canary Islands Archipelago confronts social, environmental, and economic challenges to overcome the profound change from a fossil fuel-dependent economy to a fully sustainable renewable economy. This document analyzes a scenario with a totally renewable generation system and with total electrification of the economy for the Canary Islands by 2040. In addition, it also shows the significant reduction in this fully renewable system when an optimized interconnection among islands is considered. This scenario consists of a solar PV system of 11 GWp, a wind system of only 0.39 GWp, a pumped storage system of 16.64 GWh (2065 MW), and a lithium-ion battery system of 34.672 GWh (3500 MW), having a system LCOE of 10.1 cEUR/kWh. These results show the certainty of being able to use an autonomous, reliable, and fully renewable system to generate and store the energy needed to dispense with fossil fuels, thus, resulting in a system free of greenhouse gas emissions in the electricity market. In addition, the proposed system has low energy wastage (less than 20%) for a fully renewable, stand-alone, and off-grid system.
The document collects the details of the GEPELON experimental installation (Ondulatory Film Generation), whose main goal is to measure and model downward air-water annular flow experiments. The facility has a length of 3.8 m and two test sections of 42 mm and 30 mm in diameter. Water is introduced through an injector with flow rates between 1-20 l/min and 1-10 l/min respectively. The air circuit provides flows between 0-2,500 l/min, so it is possible to measure either vertical free fall or forced annular flow. Measurements of the liquid film thickness have been carried out using several conductance probes in different positions (both before and after the fluid development zone). The most important variables related to the liquid film thickness behaviour have been studied showing a strong dependence on the difference between air and liquid velocity.
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