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β-Adrenergic receptor antagonists (β-blockers) have been recognized for their cardioprotective properties, prompting use of these pharmacologic agents to become more mainstream in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and congestive heart failure (CHF). Despite their popularity as a class, the ability to protect the myocardium varies significantly between different agents. Carvedilol is a non-selective β-blocker with α₁-adrenergic receptor antagonism properties. It is unique among β-blockers because in addition to improving exercise tolerance and its anti-ischemic properties secondary to a reduction in heart rate and myocardial contractility, carvedilol exerts other beneficial effects including: antioxidant effects; reduction in neutrophil infiltration; apoptosis inhibition; reduction of vascular smooth muscle migration; and improvement of myocardial remodeling post-AMI. These properties, documented in animal models and subsequent clinical trials, are consistent with established evidence demonstrating decreased morbidity and mortality in patients with CHF and post-AMI. This article reviews the role of carvedilol compared with other β-blockers in the treatment of CHF and post-AMI management.

β-Adrenergic receptor antagonists (β-blockers) have been recognized for their cardioprotective properties, prompting use of these pharmacologic agents to become more mainstream in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and congestive heart failure (CHF). Despite their popularity as a class, the ability to protect the myocardium varies significantly between different agents. Carvedilol is a non-selective β-blocker with α₁-adrenergic receptor antagonism properties. It is unique among β-blockers because in addition to improving exercise tolerance and its anti-ischemic properties secondary to a reduction in heart rate and myocardial contractility, carvedilol exerts other beneficial effects including: antioxidant effects; reduction in neutrophil infiltration; apoptosis inhibition; reduction of vascular smooth muscle migration; and improvement of myocardial remodeling post-AMI. These properties, documented in animal models and subsequent clinical trials, are consistent with established evidence demonstrating decreased morbidity and mortality in patients with CHF and post-AMI. This article reviews the role of carvedilol compared with other β-blockers in the treatment of CHF and post-AMI management.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic disease that affects not only the young adults, but also the elderly. The elderly are more vulnerable and at higher risk from complications related to IBD. In this review we focus on IBD important features in the elderly and discuss the disease (1) epidemiology, (2) pathophysiology, (3) clinical manifestations and diagnosis, (4) prognosis, (6) therapy and (7) potential future research directions.

1. Hypertensive mice expressing the human renin (REN) and angiotensinogen (AGT) genes are used as a model for human hypertension. 2. The aim of the present study was to investigate the cellular expression and distribution of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) using immunohistochemistry in lung, heart and kidney tissues from a model of human hypertension using male and female double-transgenic (h-Ang 204/1h-Ren6) mice and wild-type C57/BI6J mice as controls. 3. In the kidney, the pattern of iNOS expression in various renal microanatomical regions during hypertension was similar to that of age-matched controls, except in the medullary ascending limb (MAL). In hypertension, iNOS expression was downregulated in the MAL. No significant differences in iNOS expression were seen between control or hypertensive mice in various cardiac microanatomical locations. In the lungs of hypertensive mice, iNOS expression was upregulated in bronchial airway epithelium and bronchial and vascular smooth muscle cells, but downregulated in alveolar macrophages, alveolar septa and pulmonary vascular endothelial cells. Expression of iNOS was similar between male and female mice in the kidney, heart and lungs. 4. In conclusion, iNOS regulation in hypertension is complex and depends on the cell type in which it is expressed and the localization of the cell type in the cardiorenal and pulmonary systems.

The rapid growth in the number of the elderly has created an unprecedented challenge to the current health system. Taking care of the frail elderly continue to face significant barriers achieving the desired and optimal care. The elderly are most vulnerable for higher rate of complications in the post acute care of their illness either due to mental, physical or psychosocial impairments, requiring multiple interventions needed on many fronts. Skilled nursing facilities are an essential part of the post acute geriatric care.Post acute care (PAC) encompasses a wide range of health care services that share the goal of restoring recently hospitalized patients to the highest level of functioning possible. Patients can access PAC services in a wide range of settings, including skilled nursing facilities (SNFs), inpatient rehabilitation facilities, long-term care hospitals, and in their own homes, with services from home health agencies [1] In this brief review, we will focus on key elements in the skilled aspect of the post acute care as a merging factor in the long term nursing facilities. Keywords:Elderly; skilled nursing facilities; nursing home; post acute care; subacute service Aging PopulationThe health care needs for older Americans continue to be a challenge for health care providers as the number of frail elderly continues to rise. Between 2010 and 2050, the United States is projected to experience rapid growth in its older population. In 2050, the number of Americans aged 65 and older is projected to be 88.5 million, more than double its projected population of 40.2 million in 2010. The baby boomers are largely responsible for this increase in the older population, as they will begin crossing into this category in 2011 [2]. Each year, more than 10 million Medicare beneficiaries are discharged from acute care hospitals into postacute care (PAC ) settings , including inpatient rehabilitation facilities, skilled nursing facilities, and homes with services from home health agencies [1]. This demographic transition will create new challenges confronting every sector of the health care system. Increase Health CostHealth care costs have been rising for several years. Expenditures in the United States on health care surpassed $2.3 trillion. In 2008, U.S. health care spending was about $7,681 per resident and accounted for 16.2% of the nation's Gross Domestic Product (GDP); this is among the highest of all industrialized countries. Total health care expenditures grew at an annual rate of 4.4 percent in 2008, a slower rate than recent years, yet still outpacing inflation and the growth in national income [3]. It is a widely held belief that the cost of acute hospital care increases with age among older persons [4-6] However, experts agree that aging of the population contributes minimally to the overall high growth rate of health care spending [7]. Hospital spending represents approximately one third of total national health care cost [3]. Health Risks of Hospitalization in The ElderlyElderly individuals with...

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Background: Congenital heart defected (CHD) children are often predisposed to numerous conditions ranging from arrythmias, infections, to heart failure. Proper implementation of vaccination plan and multidisciplinary acts are mandatory for maintaining such cases to reduce the mortality and morbidity. Furthermore, CHD are also at risk of vaccine adverse reaction and several blooddisseminated pathogens infections, and at risk of death if such events where to occur. Perception and Interpretation of the knowledge and experience of general pediatricians towards vaccination of patients with congenital heart diseases is a crucial element to understand, and to improve healthcare practice in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Aims: To clarify, our aim is to investigate views of different pediatricians in vaccination plans, to perceive junior and senior pediatricians, and to identify extra vaccines given to children with a congenital heart defect. Settings and Design: This study is a cross-sectional study that includes the distribution of 246 questionnaires through personal interview focusing on pediatric cardiologists and general pediatricians with varying years of practice and degrees. Study was conducted by six medical interns: Mohammed O. Alfakhri, Meshal F. Alhajji, Abdulrahman M. Alyani, Yahya Z. Murad, Abdulrahman E. Alghannam, Alwaleed H. Algahtani, in six different teritiary hospitals, King Abdulaziz Medical City (KAMC), King Fahad Medical City (KFMC), King Faisal Specialist Hospital (KFSH), King Salman Hospital, and Alyamamah Hospital, in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Methods and Material: Data was collected through a convenient sampling technique and was analyzed using SPSS (version 20) and rearranged to observe the most frequent information obtained from the questionnaire. Statistical Analysis Used: Categorical study was described in frequencies and bar charts. Chi-Square test of significance was used after the data entry to assess the significance of the values obtained. Results and Conclusions: There was no significant difference between the six hospitals. In the following study, 81.7% of the participants believe that patients with congenital heart diseases are combined immunodeficient, and 84.6% agreed on giving special\extra vaccine with no preference over live and\or killed vaccine. On top of that, participants believe that the extra vaccines given to congenital heart disease patients with combined immunodeficiency are meningococcal and pneumococcal vaccines, and the special vaccine given to them are respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza vaccine. To conclude, congenitally heart defected children are widespread worldwide. Children suffering from the disease are having a serious problem that affects their lives from its earliest. For that, our research mainly focuses on improving their lives by trying to reduce the effect of several other preventable diseases u...