Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been approved as a cellular drug for the treatment of a variety of immune-related diseases by the government of many countries'. Previous investigations, including ours, have shown that exosomes secreted by MSCs (MSC-ex) are one of the main factors responsible for the therapeutic effect of MSCs. However, the immune modulation activities and the contents of MSC-ex derived from cells under different incubation conditions differ dramatically. Therefore, the optimal way to ensure effectiveness is by identifying and preparing MSC-ex with confirmed potent immunosuppressive activity. The aim of this study was to investigate and analyze the composition and function of MSC-ex secreted by MSCs stimulated by different cytokines to obtain exosomes with more potent immunosuppressive activity. To achieve this aim, umbilical cord-derived MSCs were treated with PBS, TGF-β, IFN-γ, or TGF-β plus IFN-γ for 72 hr. Then, exosomes were isolated from the culture supernatants. Common exosome markers, such as CD9, CD63, and CD81, were detected and analyzed by FCM. At the same time, the TGF-β, IFN-γ, IDO, and IL-10 content in exosomes was detected, and the influence of exosmes from defferent groups on the induction of mononuclear cell transformation into Tregs was analyzed via FCM. Our results show that the TGF-β combined with IFN-γ exosome group more effectively promoted the transformation of mononuclear cells to Tregs, and the analysis showed that IDO may play an important role. This study might provide a novel strategy to treat GVHD as well as other immune-associated disorders.
Cellular materials with excellent mechanical efficiency are essential for aerospace structures, lightweight vehicles, and energy absorption. However, current synthetic cellular materials, such as lattice materials with a unit cell arranged in an ordered hierarchy, are still far behind many biological cellular materials in terms of both structural complexity and mechanical performance. Here, the complex porous structure and the mechanics of the cuttlebone are studied, which acts as a rigid buoyancy tank for cuttlefish to resist large hydrostatic pressure in the deep‐sea environment. The cuttlebone structure, constructed like lamellar septa, separated by asymmetric, distorted S‐shaped walls, exhibits superior strength and energy‐absorption capability to the octet‐truss lattice and conventional polymer and metal foams. Inspired by these findings, mechanically efficient cellular materials are designed and fabricated by 3D printing, which are greatly demanded for many applications including aerospace structures and tissue‐engineering‐scaffold. This study represents an effective approach for the design and engineering of high‐performance cellular materials through bioinspired 3D printing.
The combined use of AKBA and ATO which in line with the rule of activating blood and resolving putridity inhibits fibroblasts and inflammatory cells in producing MMPs in inflammatory state through inhibiting the release of inflammatory factors and MAPK cascade pathway.
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