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The study purpose was to determine relationships between results of internal and external match load determining methods. Twenty-one players, who participated in selected badminton championships during the 2014/2015 season served as subjects. The heart rate (HR) values and GPS data of each player were obtained via a fix Polar HR Transmitter Belt and MinimaxX GPS device. Moderate significant Spearman's rank correlations were found between HR and absolute duration (r = 0.43 at a low intensity (LI) and 0.44 at a high intensity (HI)), distance covered (r = 0.42 at a HI) and player load (PL) (r = 0.44 at a HI). Results also revealed an opposite trend for external and internal measures of load as the average relative HR value was found to be the highest for the HI zone (54.1%) compared to the relative measures of external load where average values (1.29-9.89%) were the lowest for the HI zone. In conclusion, our findings show that results of an internal and external badminton match load determining method are more related to each other in the HI zone than other zones and that the strength of relationships depend on the duration of activities that are performed in especially LI and HI zones. Overall, trivial to moderate relationships between results of an internal and external match load determining method in male, singles badminton players reaffirm the conclusions of others that these constructs measure distinctly different demands and should therefore be measured concurrently to fully understand the true requirements of badminton match play.

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Introduction: Normative data on handgrip strength (HGS) and body mass index (BMI) are scarce among adolescents in the Nigerian context. The aims of this study were to evaluate patterns of HGS in relation to gender and age in Nigerian adolescents and its correlation with BMI.Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 1966 participants (1275 males) and (691 females) aged 12–20 years in Northern Nigeria. Body mass and height were measured. HGS was assessed using a dynamometer.Results: The right HGS (RHGS) was significantly higher than the left HGS (LHGS) (t = 21.337, p < 0.05). There were significant age differences in the RHGS and the LHGS (p < 0.05); however, no significant difference occurs at 12–14 years. Males participants aged 16–20 years had significantly higher RHGS values than females of the same age (p < 0.0038). Conversely, males aged 15–20 years had significantly higher LHGS values than females of the same age (p < 0.0038). There was a significant interaction between gender and age for the RHGS (F = 72.2, p < 0.05) and the LHGS (F = 92.1, p < 0.05). There was a significant correlation between the BMI and RHGS (r = 0.480, p < 0.01) and the LHGS (r = 0.465, p < 0.01).Conclusion: There are gender and age difference in the HGS of Nigerian adolescents, with the dominance of the RHGS in both genders. HGS correlated with BMI. This normative data on HGS may serve as baseline data for future comparative studies assessing HGS among the adolescent population in Nigeria.

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Body adiposity index (BAI) is documented to exhibit significant relationship with the component of metabolic syndromes (MetS) including serum glucose. The relationship between BAI and serum glucose among postmenopausal women has not been well studied. This study was aimed at determining the relationship between BAI and serum glycemic level among postmenopausal women. The study design was observational crosssectional. Fasting serum glucose was obtained via superficial vein venipuncture after at least eight hours of meal and was analysed following standard biochemical procedure. Standard techniques for anthropometric measurement were used in obtaining the standard parameters. Chi-square was used to determine the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and clinically accepted categorical subdivision of fasting blood sugar (FBG). A total of 156 postmenopausal women with mean age of 62.70 ± 12.84 years, height (1.58 ± 0.07) m, weight (67.30 ± 17.68) kg, hip circumference (99.94 ± 12.75) cm, waist circumference (86.56 ± 14.25) cm, BAI (32.61 ± 6.78), BMI (27.05 ± 6.90) kh/m2  and fasting blood sugar (FBS) (5.21 ± 2.78mmol/L) were assessed in the here was significant positive correlation between BAI and BMI (r = 0.877, P = 6.97x10-51) and not between BAI and FBG (r = 0.026, P = 0.748). In conclusion BAI was not significantly associated with serum glycemic level among post-menopausal women.

The study's purpose was to establish the inertial sensors-containing device (ISCD)-determined match characteristics that predict elite, male badminton players’ performance levels. Twenty-two (22) male single players (aged: 23.39 ± 3.92 years), who represented 10 African countries, participated in the study. Players were categorized as successful and less-successful players according to the results of five championships during two seasons. ISCD units (Catapult MinimaxV4), Polar Heart Rate Transmitter Belts, and digital video cameras were used to collect match data. ISCD-determined variables were corrected for match duration, and independent t-tests, cluster analysis, and a binary forward stepwise logistic regression were used for statistical analyses. A Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (ROCC) indicated the validity of the group classification model. High-intensity accelerations per second were identified as the only ISCD-determined variable that showed a significant difference (p = 0.05) between groups. Furthermore, only high-intensity accelerations per second (p = 0.03) and low-intensity efforts per second (p = 0.04) were identified as significant predictors of group classification, with 76.88% of players that could be classified back into their original groups by making use of the ISCD-based logistic regression formula. The ROCC showed a value of 0.87. The identification of the last-mentioned ISCD-determined variables for the attainment of badminton performances emphasizes the importance of using badminton drills and conditioning techniques to improve not only the physical fitness levels of players but also their ability to accelerate at high intensities.

In an ordinary (unregulated) power supply the voltage regulation is poor (i.e. the DC output voltage also changes due to variations in the input AC voltage). These variations in DC voltage may cause unreliable operation of electronic circuits; Therefore, regulated DC power supply is the only solution in such situations. In this paper, the V-I characteristics of a PN junction diode in both forward and reverse directions was investigated using Multisim 14.2, simulator and graphically discusses, the V-I characteristics of a Zener diode in both forward and reverse bias conditions and used it as voltage regulator was determined and discusses graphically, the effect of load resistance and filter capacitor on ripple factor of half wave was determined and discusses graphically, the effect of load resistance and filter capacitor on ripple factor full wave rectifiers was also determined and discusses graphically, finally a complete circuit of 8V DC regulated power supply with constant output voltage `irrespective of load variations was design using Zener diode as voltage regulator and simulated.