This paper innovatively combines Inward Foreign Direct Investment (IFDI) and Outward Foreign Direct Investment (OFDI) as a measure of two-way FDI coordinated development to consider the coupling and coordination level of FDI. Under the analytical framework of Copeland and Taylor (1994), it introduces this new measure to investigate the effects of China’s carbon emissions during 2004–2016, using the spatial econometric model and the differential generalized method of moments. We find that China’s carbon emissions show significant spatial correlation characteristics and interregional diffusion, which indicates that regional coordinated cooperative governance is key to carbon emission mitigation in China, and that China’s two-way FDI coordinated development has presented a significant braking effect on carbon emissions during the research period. Furthermore, we decompose the effects of the two-way FDI on carbon emissions into three parts. This decomposition shows that the scale effect is positive, while both the composition and the technique effects are negative. The technique effect essentially dominates the emission reduction induced by the coordinated development of the two-way FDI.
Antibiotic
pollution causes serious environmental and social issues.
China is the largest antibiotic producer and user in the world, with
a large share of antibiotics used in agriculture. This study quantified
agricultural antibiotic emissions of mainland China in 2014 as well
as critical drivers in global supply chains. Results show that China’s
agriculture discharged 4131 tons of antibiotics. Critical domestic
supply chain drivers are mainly located in Central China, North China,
and East China. Foreign final demand contributes 9% of agricultural
antibiotic emissions in mainland China and leads to 5–40% of
emissions in each province. Foreign primary inputs (e.g., labor and
capital) contribute 5% of agricultural antibiotic emissions in mainland
China and lead to 2–63% of emissions in each province. Critical
international drivers include the final demand of the United States
and Japan for foods and textile products, as well as the primary inputs
of the oil seeds sector in Brazil. The results indicate the uniqueness
of supply chain drivers for antibiotic emissions compared with other
emissions. Our findings reveal supply chain hotspots for multiple-perspective
policy decisions to control China’s agricultural antibiotic
emissions as well as for international cooperation.
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