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Many cohort studies have shown that consumption of diets containing a higher composition of foods derived from plants reduces mortality from coronary heart disease (CHD). Here, we examined the active components of a plant-based diet and the underlying mechanisms that reduce the risk of CHD using three rat models and a quantitative proteomics approach. In a short-term myocardial infarction (MI) model, intake of wheat extract (WE), the representative cardioprotectant identified by screening approximately 4,000 samples, reduced myocardial injury by inhibiting apoptosis, enhancing ATP production, and maintaining protein homeostasis. In long-term post-MI models, this myocardial protection resulted in ameliorating adverse left-ventricular remodelling, which is a predictor of heart failure. Among the wheat components, arabinose and xylose were identified as active components responsible for the observed efficacy of WE, which was administered via ingestion and tail-vein injections. Finally, the food components of plant-based diets that contained cell wall polysaccharides rich in arabinose, xylose, and possibly fucose were found to confer protection against myocardial injury. These results show for the first time that specific monosaccharides found in the cell wall polysaccharides in plant-based diets can act as active ingredients that reduce CHD by inhibiting postocclusion steps, including MI and heart failure.

Self-ET rate constants ka were determined for 2,2'+N03~i n 10 deuterated solvents over a range of temperatures using *H NMR line broadening. Values of lO"1 234^d etermined in this work at 25 °C are the following: (perdeuterated) methanol, 0.068; ethanol, 0.22; 2-propanol, 0.32; nitromethane, 2.34; acetonitrile, 1.2!; dimethyl sulfoxide, 1.04; dimethylformamide, 2.17; dichloromethane, 5.9"; pyridine, 6.5g; chloroform, 0.95. A plot of In (kct) at 25 °C versus the Marcus solvent parameter y shows more scatter, even for the aprotic solvents, than do such plots for />-phenylenediamine derivatives. Plotting In (ka) versus the Kosower solvent parameter Z puts both aprotic solvents and alcohols on the same line and decreases the scatter. ka in chloroform is anomalously low compared to the other solvents.

The barrier to double nitrogen inversion in 4 (measured by observing the rate of bridgehead equilibration in 4-d6 by *H NMR) is 27.0 kcal/mol at 80 °C, substantially higher than the 10.3 kcal/mol at -55 °C observed for 2 (by 13C DNMR).The barrier to double nitrogen inversion in 4*+ (determined by dynamic ESR measurements on 4-dn'+) is 4.6 kcal/mol at -85 °C. The effects of ring homologation on the amount of bend at nitrogen in sesquibicyclic hydrazines and their cation radicals as indicated by conformational and spectral measurements is discussed, and it is shown that AMI calculations are able to predict the observed behavior rather well.1,2-Dialkyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridazines, A, readily undergo thermal retro-Diels-Alder cleavage to dienes and azo compounds1 (reaction 1). Conditions which allow the reverse reaction, Diels-Alder synthesis of A (Reaction 2), have only recently been

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