The purpose of this paper was to characterize adolescent borderline personality disorder (BPD) and compare it to adult BPD. A retrospective chart review of 20 adolescent and 20 adult BPD patients was conducted. The retrieved data included demographics, history features, symptoms, observations made during hospitalization and treatments. There were many similarities between the two groups. The differences included the number of report pages during hospitalization (p<0.05), of current self-mutilation (p=0.051), of past and present obsessive-compulsive symptoms (p=0.02 and p=0.03) and of past escapes (p=0.006). Adults had more alcohol abuse (p=0.02). There was a correlation between the number of anti-psychotic drug trials and the length of hospitalization among adolescents, and a correlation between the number of antidepressant and anxiolytic drug trials and the length of hospitalization among adults. Our findings support the general similarity of BPD between adolescents and adults. The differences in pharmacotherapy and several clinical observations warrant further study.
PurposeThe purpose of this study was to describe antivascular endothelial growth factor intravitreal injection techniques of retinal specialists in order to establish a cornerstone for future practice guidelines.MethodsAll members of the Israeli Retina Society were contacted by email to complete an anonymous, 19-question, Internet-based survey regarding their intravitreal injection techniques.ResultsOverall, 66% (52/79) completed the survey. Most (98%) do not instruct patients to discontinue anticoagulant therapy and 92% prescribe treatment for patients in the waiting room. Three quarters wear sterile gloves and prepare the patient in the supine position. A majority (71%) use sterile surgical draping. All respondents apply topical analgesics and a majority (69%) measure the distance from the limbus to the injection site. A minority (21%) displace the conjunctiva prior to injection. A majority of the survey participants use a 30-gauge needle and the most common quadrant for injection is superotemporal (33%). Less than half routinely assess postinjection optic nerve perfusion (44%). A majority (92%) apply prophylactic antibiotics immediately after the injection.ConclusionThe majority of retina specialists perform intravitreal injections similarly. However, a relatively large minority performs this procedure differently. Due to the extremely low percentage of complications, it seems as though such differences do not increase the risk. However, more evidence-based medicine, a cornerstone for practice guidelines, is required in order to identify the intravitreal injection techniques that combine safety and efficacy while causing as little discomfort to the patients as possible.
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