Produced water is the largest byproduct generated by the oil and gas industry. Water injection, considered as the best answer for produced water disposal, is not always possible due to reservoir constraints. The secondary produced water treatment facility in Mutiara Central Plant, VICO Indonesia, is a phenol treatment plant (PTP). It is processing approximately 8000 BPD produced water before being released to the Dondang River. A biologically activated sludge process is applied to reduce the pollutant content so the disposed water complies with onshore waste water disposal regulation for oil and gas production industry on Permen LH 04/2007. The process reduces chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia, phenol, sulfide, and oil and grease content in the produced water. Frequently since 2008, high COD and ammonia content above the regulated thresholds (200 mg/L for COD and 5 mg/L for ammonia) in disposed produced water has been observed.A field investigation was conducted to collect integrated data of recent process parameters. The field data were then compared to design conditions, industrial practices, and literature to a determine root cause tree. In addition, a feed batch activated sludge pilot was constructed and study on inlet COD source was performed for comprehensive study.The field investigation revealed that root causes limiting the phenol treatment performance were higher oil content and COD in the inlet stream, highly fluctuating inlet debit, lack of oxygen supply, and inadequately designed and maintained clarifier and return sludge system. Following minor mitigation actions in January 2010 such as chemical process optimization, adjusting nutrient doses, adding sugar, fresh microbes, and routine maintenance, the effluent quality data has improved to just bellow the threshold. Six major improvements were proposed to improve PTP performance and effluent quality; e.g. repair pre-heater, construct new secondary clarifier, replace existing return sludge pump with proper capacity, install three more aerators, utilize K1 as equalization pond, and repair existing drying bed. VICO Indonesia has committed to commissioning the first four recommendations by the end of 2011.
Saccharification of cassava starch using amilase Aspergillus niger ITB CC L74 Bioethanol is a derivative product from cassava that is thoroughly developed nowadays. One of the bioethanol research program of the Chemical Engineering Product Design and Development Research Group, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung in the year of 2008 was to increase productivity and the performance of α-amylase and glucoamylase from Aspergillus niger ITB CC L74 for saccharification of cassava starch in bioethanol production. In conjunction with the optimum condition of saccharification process, research on the effect of pH, temperature, Ca2+ concentration, substrate concentration, and enzyme volume percentage have been carried out. The performance of α-amylase was determined by the iodine method while the performance of glucoamylase was done by the Somogyi-Nelson method. Research variable to determine the optimum performance condition of amylase extract were pH (3.15–7.0), temperature (30–89 oC), Ca2+ concentration (0–200 ppm), substrate concentration (0.5–20 %-w/v), and enzyme volume percentage (1.0–50 %-v). The results of this research showed that the optimum performance of amylase complex were pH 4.5, temperature 60 oC, Ca2+ concentration 75 m/L, and substrate concentration 7 %-w/v. The performances of amylase complex increased with the increase in the amount of enzyme percentage, but the increase was limited by the amount of glucose that could inhibit enzyme activity. Keywords: amylase, glucoamylase, Aspergillus niger, saccharification, starch AbstrakBioetanol merupakan produk turunan ubi kayu yang sekarang sedang giat dikembangkan. Salah satu program riset bioetanol Kelompok Keahlian Perancangan dan Pengembangan Produk Teknik Kimia, FTI, ITB tahun 2008 adalah peningkatan produktivitas dan kinerja enzim α-amilase dan glukoamilase Aspergillus niger ITBCC L74 untuk proses sakarifikasi pati ubi kayu pada produksi bioetanol. Sehubungan dengan kondisi optimum proses sakarifikasi, penelitian tentang pengaruh pH, temperatur, konsentrasi Ca2+, konsentrasi substrat, dan persentase volume enzim, telah dilakukan. Analisis kinerja kompleks amilase yang dilakukan meliputi analisis kinerja enzim α-amilase dengan metode iodin dan analisis kinerja enzim glukoamilase dengan metode Somogyi-Nelson. Variabel yang diteliti untuk menentukan kondisi optimum kinerja ekstrak amilase adalah pH (3,5–7,5), temperatur (25–80 oC), konsentrasi Ca2+ (25–200 ppm) konsentrasi substrat (0,5–20 %-b/v) dan persentase volume enzim (1-50 %-v). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kinerja kompleks enzim amilase optimum berada pada pH 4,5, temperatur 60 oC, konsentrasi Ca2+ 75 ppm, dan konsentrasi substrat 7 %-b/v. Kinerja kompleks amilase makin baik seiring dengan peningkatan persentase volume enzim, namun peningkatan ini dibatasi oleh kandungan glukosa dalam enzim yang dapat menyebabkan inhibisi terhadap aktivitas enzim.Kata kunci: amilase, glukoamilase, Aspergillus niger, sakarifikasi, pati
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