Several studies have shown the positive clinical effect of brain computer interface (BCI) training for stroke rehabilitation. This study investigated the efficacy of the sensorimotor rhythm (SMR)-based BCI with audio-cue, motor observation and multisensory feedback for post-stroke rehabilitation. Furthermore, we discussed the interaction between training intensity and training duration in BCI training. Twenty-four stroke patients with severe upper limb (UL) motor deficits were randomly assigned to two groups: 2-week SMR-BCI training combined with conventional treatment (BCI Group, BG, n = 12) and 2-week conventional treatment without SMR-BCI intervention (Control Group, CG, n = 12). Motor function was measured using clinical measurement scales, including Fugl-Meyer Assessment-Upper Extremities (FMA-UE; primary outcome measure), Wolf Motor Functional Test (WMFT), and Modified Barthel Index (MBI), at baseline (Week 0), post-intervention (Week 2), and follow-up week (Week 4). EEG data from patients allocated to the BG was recorded at Week 0 and Week 2 and quantified by mu suppression means event-related desynchronization (ERD) in mu rhythm (8–12 Hz). All functional assessment scores (FMA-UE, WMFT, and MBI) significantly improved at Week 2 for both groups (p < 0.05). The BG had significantly higher FMA-UE and WMFT improvement at Week 4 compared to the CG. The mu suppression of bilateral hemisphere both had a positive trend with the motor function scores at Week 2. This study proposes a new effective SMR-BCI system and demonstrates that the SMR-BCI training with audio-cue, motor observation and multisensory feedback, together with conventional therapy may promote long-lasting UL motor improvement.Clinical Trial Registration: [http://www.chictr.org.cn], identifier [ChiCTR2000041119].
ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to examine the activation and functional connectivity of the prefrontal and temporal lobe in young and elder people during the Stroop test using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS).MethodsA total of 33 healthy volunteers (20 young people, mean age: 23.7 ± 3.9 years; 13 elder people, mean age: 63.9 ± 4.0 years) participated in the study. All subjects were asked to finish the Stroop Color Word Test. The oxygenated hemoglobin concentration (Delta [HbO2]) signals and the deoxygenated hemoglobin (Delta [HbR]) signals were recorded from temporopolar area (TA), pars triangularis Broca's area (Broca), dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), and frontopolar area (FA) by fNIRS. The coherence between the left and right frontotemporal lobe delta [HbO2] oscillations in four frequency intervals (I, 0.6–2 Hz; II, 0.145–0.6 Hz; III, 0.052–0.145 Hz; and IV, 0.021–0.052 Hz) was analyzed using wavelet coherence analysis and wavelet phase coherent.ResultsIn the Stroop test, the young group was significantly better than the elder group at the responses time, whether at congruent tasks or at incongruent tasks (congruent: F = 250.295, p < 0.001; incongruent: p < 0.001). The accuracy of the two groups differed significantly when performing incongruent tasks but not when performing congruent tasks (incongruent: F = 9.498, p = 0.001; congruent: p = 0.254). Besides, only elders show significant activation in DLPFC, Broca, FA, and TA (p < 0.05) during the Stroop test, but young people did not show significant differences. In the functional connectivity of task states, younger people had stronger connections between different brain regions in both the left and right brain compared with the elderly (p < 0.05). In particular, the left and right DLPFC showed stronger connection strength in most of the brain areas. The result suggested that younger people had stronger functional connectivity of brain areas than older people when completing the task.ConclusionAccording to these results, although the cortical activation in the elder people was higher than the young people, the young showed stronger connectivity in most of the brain areas than the elders. Both sides of DLPFC and right Broca area were the most significant cortical activation in Stroop test. It was suggested that the decrease in functional connectivity in the elder people resulted in the atrophy of white matter, to which we should pay more attention.
Background: Motor imitation is an innate ability of animals and human beings. This study uses transcranial magnetic stimulation to interfere with the premotor cortex (PMC) function to determine its contribution to motor imitation tasks.Methods:Forty healthy adults were randomly assigned into two groups (20 participants each): a real continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS) and a sham cTBS. Both groups received motor imitation training once. Before training, real or sham cTBS was delivered to the left PMC according to the group. Cortical excitability was evaluated by measuring the motor evoked potential (MEP) amplitude of the right first interosseous dorsal muscle before and after intervention. Results: The MEP amplitude for the sham cTBS group was significantly higher post intervention (P < 0.05); For the real cTBS group, no significant difference was found in the MEP amplitude (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Motor imitation training enhanced cortical excitability. The cTBS delivered to the PMC eliminated the excitatory effect of motor imitation on the cortex, suggesting that the PMC is a critical node for the effect of motor imitation training on cortical excitability.
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