Aim. Studying the heterosis effect from the point of view of allelic and nonallelic gene interaction in F1 hybrids from crossing the arabidopsis ecotypes Col-0 and La-0. Methods. Hybridological method of crossing mutant lines and analysis of the inheritance of the signs of the root system. Results. When plants of different races Col-0 and La-0 cross in the F2 generation, polymeric interaction of genes occurs. In that case splitting in F2 goes in the ratio 15: 1. At the same time, hybrids of the first generation exhibit heterosis, which is manifested in a more powerful development of a rosette of leaves in comparison with the initial forms. Conclusions. The emergence of heterosis in hybrids of the first generation can be explained on the basis of the allelic and nonallelic gene interaction, which creates a favorable combination of genes during hybridization, causing the best manifestation of an economically valuable trait. Keywords: Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh., heterosis, gene, mutation, race.
The article discusses the features of the growth and development of wheat plants in winter, the precursor of which was soy in the spring-summer growing season on black soil opidzolenii by the Right-Bank of Lisosteppe of Ukraine. The dynamics of productive moisture in the soil, the influence of weather conditions on the duration of the passage of the phases of vegetation, as well as their effect on the growth and development of plants was studied. The effect of various doses and timing of the use of nitrogen fertilizers on biometric indicators, leaf surface area, mass of 100 dry plants and productivity of winter wheat variety Lazurnaya was established. Nitrogen fertilizers provide an increase in the mass of 100 dry plants by 8–16 % with the advantage of their one-time introduction to the tillering phase. A correlation between green mass of plants in different periods (tillering, tubing, heading) of vegetation and yield of winter crops has been established. The correlation between the amount of precipitation was weak (R = 0,2), strong during the exit phase into the tube (R = 0,77), and very strong during the heading phase (R = 0,96). The relationship between plant height and yield at different periods of vegetation was revealed: during the tillering phase, the correlation was significant (R = 0,55), the yield and heading were strong (R = 0,88) has been identified. The leaf surface area varied depending on weather conditions and fertilizer doses. It was greatest in the phase of entering the tube with a single application of nitrogen fertilizers with a dose of 60 kg/ha a.s., and the smallest – in the phase of milk maturity, and on average over the years of research varied from 14,7 to 22,1 thousand m2/ha depending on the intensification of fertilizers. It was found that the yield of winter wheat depended on weather conditions and fertilizers. On average, according to experience, it increased by 30–54 % and depended more on doses of fertilizers than on the timing of their use. It was the largest (6,28 t/ha) at a reliable level when P30K30 + N60 + N60 was added. A high level of reliability of the approximation (R2 = 0,96) between yield and intensification of fertilizer was found.
In the article, on the basis of regression analysis of the data, a forecast of the most important elements of the structure of productivity for the maximum specified yield of camelina sativa in the conditions of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine in conditions of climate change is made. According to the assessment of the correlation relationships between the economically valuable breeding traits of camelina sativa, the studied indicators differ among themselves in terms of the level of interaction. The indicators of seed collection from one plant (r=0.98), the number of pods per plant (r=0.84) and plant safety (r=0.71) have a significant influence on the formation of productivity. The average correlation effect on productivity is the number of seeds per pod (r=0.44), the number of branches per plant (r=0.60), plant height (r=0.37) and the duration of the growing season (r=0.38). The mass of seeds per plant strongly depended on the number of pods per plant (r=0.85), but had an average positive correlation with the number of seeds per pod (r=0.48), the number of branches per plant (r=0.59), plant height (r=0.37), plant safety (r=0.62) and duration of the growing season (r=0.37). There is a weak negative relationship between the number of seeds in a pod and plant height (r=-0.29) and the duration of the growing season (r=-0.18), between the mass of a thousand seeds and the number of pods per plant (r=-0.08). Regression analysis of the entire array of experimental data made it possible to predict the value of the most important elements of the productivity structure for the maximum specified yield. For a maximum yield of 3.0–3.5 t/ha, the weight of seeds per plant should be 2.1–2.4 g, while the plant should form 13.4–15.9 branches, 159.5–182.1 pods and 16.8–19.5 seeds per pod. The mass of a thousand seeds should have 2.34–2.95 g, plant height 90.7–105.8 cm and plant safety at the level of 98.9 %, and the duration of the growing season should be in the range from 103 to 110 days.
Aim. A study of the racial composition of broomrape on sunflower crops in the northern part of the Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. Assessment of the resistance of hybrids and sunflower test lines to broomrape was carried out by a modified soil method. Results. The broomrape parasitizing on the fields of sunflower has a high degree of virulence, which overcomes the immunity of the best hybrids of domestic and foreign breeding, resistant to the E, F and G races of this parasite. Conclusions. The emergence of new very aggressive broomrape races (E, F and G) indicates the important need to solve the problem of creating breeding material resistant to new races of this parasitic plant. Intensive with the accumulation of parasite races E, F and G in the sunflower crops is associated with the disruption of crop rotations and the saturation of fields with hybrids of this culture, resistant mainly to 4 (D) and 5 (E) races of the parasite. Keywords: Orobanche сumana Wallr., race, sunflower, hybrid, root system, root allocation, srigolactones.
The article presents the results of studies to optimize the sterilization technique for seedlings of the initial forms of heterotic hybrids of maize when administered in vitro. On the surface of the plant there is a significant number of various microorganisms that can multiply on a nutrient medium. Therefore, sterilization of plant material is one of the most important stages of in vitro propagation technology. The aim of the research was to develop a procedure for sterilizing the apical meristem of maize seedlings when the material is introduced into isolation culture. To solve the problem, the task was to clarify the features of the use of common and new sterilizers and the selection of optimal modes for effective sterilization of seedlings. Seedlings of a number of maize lines and hybrids were used as explants. The purified and washed plant material was placed in cups with 70 % ethyl alcohol for 1–2 min, and then transferred to the basic solution for sterilization. After sterilization, the material was washed 5–8 times in sterile distilled water. Studies have established the features of the use of a number of sterilizers and selected the optimal modes for effective sterilization of seedlings of forms of corn with erectoid placement of leaves. It was found that sodium hypochlorite is characterized by a high toxic effect on living organisms, in high concentrations causes a significant amount of explant necrosis. The duration of treatment of corn seedlings with hydrogen peroxide of 3 % concentration did not affect the sterilization efficiency. The most effective sterilizing substance for the introduction of seedlings in an isolated culture was determined 0.1 % solution of potassium permanganate exposure of 10 minutes, which allows to obtain up to 86 % of viable seedlings. With an increase in the sterilization exposure to 15 and 20 minutes, the yield of sterile explants significantly decreased and amounted to 65 and 48 %, respectively. It was noted that when using potassium permanganate, the amount of infected material was the lowest in the experiment and varied within 0.6–1.8 %.
Аn important issue of the selection process is the preservation of the source and obtained material, especially cross-pollinated crops, which significantly lose their viability by inbreeding. Creating a bank of genetic resources using biotechnological methods will effectively solve this problem. The aim of the work was to determine the conditions for the formation of a genetic bank of valuable winter rye materials with changes in temperature and modeling of the nutrient medium for long-term disposal of cloned plants and the use of active collection of original and created forms in the selection process. To deposit the clones, a nutrient medium, which included macro- and microelements according to the Murashige-Skuga medium was used. The nutrient substrate modified with cytokinins and carbohydrates. The clones in culture rooms at a temperature of 6–12 °С and low light intensity (2 kLk) were stored. In the course of research the conditions of creation of an active collection of plants of winter rye with use of temperature restriction and modification of a nutrient medium are defined. A consistent technological scheme for the conversion of plant material into a state of relative anabiosis has been developed. It is proved that the optimal storage temperature for samples is 6 °С. Survival of plants at the specified temperature regime after 12 months of deposition on average by genotypes at the level of 78,2 % was recorded. Modification of the nutrient medium with agar-agar at a concentration of 12,0 g/l increases the proportion of viable clones to 81,3 %, and the introduction into the substrate of an increased concentration of growth regulators, in particular 6-BAP (2,0 mg/l) and sucrose 40,0 g/l and a gradual decrease in temperature to 10 °С prolongs the period of deposition of cloned plants without changing the substrate and the shelf life of breeding material in isolated crops. Using of biotechnological methods for the preservation and reproduction of valuable material intensifies the selection process of obtaining initial samples of winter rye.
The aim of the research was to expand the genetic diversity of winter triticale samples by intraspecific hybridization and to obtain new valuable forms for their involvement in the selection process of creating high-yielding cultivars. The research was conducted during 2013–2020 at the sites of the Department of Genetics, Plant Breeding and Biotechnology of Uman National University of Horticulture, Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine. As initial material for hybridization was used samples of hexaploid triticale of own breeding and varieties Rozivska 6, Ladne, Khlibodar Kharkivsky, Beta, Alkid, Souvenir, Raritet; octaploid triticale samples UA0602463 and UA0601654. Hybrid offspring were analyzed for morphological and economically valuable traits, including plant height, lodging resistance, ear length, grain weight from the main ear and 1000 grains, protein and gluten content in the grain and its quality indicators, yield, etc. In the studies used a systematic method of site placement. The rooms were arranged in blocks with a plant density of 400 thousand units/ha four times. In the course of researches hybridization of hexaploid forms of triticale of different ecological and geographical origin among themselves, and also hybridization of octaploid forms with hexaploid was carried out. In F2 populations, individual-family selection of low-stem forms with high ear grain was performed. In the absence of low-stem forms in the area of F2 hybrids, ear productivity was selected, and the population was transferred to a hybridization nursery for crossing plants with donors of low-stem genes. As a result of the conducted researches 23 highly productive forms of winter triticale were obtained, in particular, two dwarf samples (h = 58 cm), four – short-stemmed (h = 60–80 cm), one – early-ripening (vegetation period 285 days), nine – with high ear productivity. Sample 63 was selected, which significantly exceeded the group standard in terms of yield (7.01 t/ha), protein content (12.2 %) and gluten of the first quality group (25.4 %).
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