Cucumber downy mildew (CDM) is a destructive plant disease caused by the air-borne oomycete pathogen Pseudoperonospora cubensis. CDM causes severe yield reduction of cucumber and significant economic losses. Biocontrol is a promising method to control CDM with the advantage of being beneficial to sustainable agricultural development. However, until now, no reviews of biocontrol of CDM have been reported. The objective of this review is to more comprehensively understand the biocontrol of CDM. In this review, the biological characteristics of P. cubensis are introduced, and strategies for screening biocontrol agents to suppress CDM are recommended. Then the current biocontrol agents, including fungi such as Trichoderma and biocontrol bacteria such as Bacillus, which possess the ability to control CDM, and their control characteristics and ability against CDM are also summarized. The potential mechanisms by which these biocontrol agents prevent CDM are discussed. Finally, several suggestions for future research on the biocontrol of CDM are provided.
Clonostachys rosea is an important mycoparasitism biocontrol agent that exhibits excellent control efficacy against numerous fungal plant pathogens. Transcriptomic sequencing may be used to preliminarily screen mycoparasitism-related genes of C. rosea against fungal pathogens. The present study sequenced and analyzed the transcriptome of C. rosea mycoparasitizing a Basidiomycota (phylum) fungal pathogen, Rhizoctonia solani, under three touch stages: the pre-touch stage, touch stage and after-touch stage. The results showed that a number of genes were differentially expressed during C. rosea mycoparasitization of R. solani. At the pre-touch stage, 154 and 315 genes were up- and down-regulated, respectively. At the touch stage, the numbers of up- and down-regulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were 163 and 188, respectively. The after-touch stage obtained the highest number of DEGs, with 412 and 326 DEGs being up- and down-regulated, respectively. Among these DEGs, ABC transporter-, glucanase- and chitinase-encoding genes were selected as potential mycoparasitic genes according to a phylogenetic analysis. A comparative transcriptomic analysis between C. rosea mycoparasitizing R. solani and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum showed that several DEGs, including the tartrate transporter, SDR family oxidoreductase, metallophosphoesterase, gluconate 5-dehydrogenase and pyruvate carboxylase, were uniquely expressed in C. rosea mycoparasitizing R. solani. These results significantly expand our knowledge of mycoparasitism-related genes in C. rosea and elucidate the mycoparasitism mechanism of C. rosea.
Three damaging soybean diseases, Sclerotinia stem rot caused by a fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lid.) de Bary, Phytophthora root rot caused by a fungus Phytophthora sojae, and soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines Ichinohe), are destructive to soybean growth and yield and cause huge economic losses. Biocontrol is an effective way to control soybean diseases with the advantage of being environmentally friendly and sustainable. To date, few reviews have reported the control of these three soybean diseases through biocontrol measures. In this review, the biological characteristics of the three pathogens and the incidence features of the three soybean diseases were first introduced. Then, biocontrol agents containing fungi and bacteria capable of controlling the three diseases, as well as their control abilities, were emphasized, followed by their mechanisms of biocontrol action. Bacillus and Streptomyces were found to possess the ability to control all three soybean diseases under greenhouse or field conditions. Finally, suggestions about screening new biocontrol species and deeply studied biocontrol molecular mechanisms are provided for further research on the biocontrol of soybean diseases.
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