The salangid Neosalanx taihuensis (Salangidae) is a commercially important economical fish endemic to China and restricted to large freshwater systems with a wide-ranging distribution. This fish species has continuous distribution ranges and a long-introduced aquaculture history in Chinese basins. However, the research on its population genetic differentiation within and between basins is very limited. In this regard, 197 individuals were sampled from 11 populations in the Nenjiang River Basin (A1–A4), Songhua River Basin (B1), Yellow River Basin (C1–C2), Yangtze River Basin (D1), Lanchang River Basin (E1–E2) and Huaihe River Basin (F1). Based on the COI sequence, the N. taihuensis population’s genetic difference within and between river basins was investigated. The haplotypes and their frequency distributions were strongly skewed, with most haplotypes (n = 13) represented only in single samples each and thus restricted to a single population. The most common haplotype (H4, 67/197) was found in all individuals. The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed a random pattern in the distribution of genetic diversity, which is inconsistent with contemporary hydrological structure. The mismatch between the distribution and neutrality tests supported the evidence of a population expansion, which occurred during the late Pleistocene (0.041–0.051 million years ago). Significant levels of genetic subdivision were detected among populations within basins rather than between the six basins. Population history dynamics showed that N. taihuensis experienced an expansion during the glacial period in the late Pleistocene. Therefore, different populations should be considered as different management units to achieve effective conservation and management purposes. These results have great significance for the evaluation and exploitation of the germplasm resources of N. taihuensis.
To study the genetic diversity of Culter alburnus (C. alburnus) populations, we analyzed the genetic diversity of five C. alburnus populations from Songhua Lake (SH), Huaihe River (HH), Changjiang River (CJ), Taihu Lake (TH), and Gehu Lake (GH) based on mitochondrial COI gene sequences. The results showed that the average contents of bases T, C, A, and G in the 526 bp COI gene sequence were 25.3%, 18.1%, 28.1%, and 28.6%, respectively, which showed AT bias. A total of 115 polymorphic sites were detected in the five populations, and 11 haplotypes (Hap) were defined. The nucleotide diversity (Pi) of the five populations ranged from 0.00053 to 0.01834, and the haplotype diversity (Hd) ranged from 0.280 to 0.746, with the highest genetic diversity in the TH population, followed by the SH population, with lower genetic diversity in the HH, CJ and GH populations. The analysis of the fixation index (Fst) and the genetic distance between populations showed that there was significant genetic differentiation between the SH population and the other populations, and the genetic distances between all of them were far; the genetic diversity within populations was higher than that between populations. Neutral tests, mismatch distributions, and Bayesian skyline plot (BSP) analyses showed that the C. alburnus populations have not experienced population expansion and are relatively stable in historical dynamics.
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