Autotransplantation of the submandibular gland is a potential treatment for severe kerato-conjunctivitis sicca. However, one of the major barriers to this procedure is that secretions from the transplanted gland decrease shortly after the operation, which may lead to obstruction of Wharton's duct, or even to transplantation failure. Using a rabbit model, we investigated whether phenylephrine could improve the secretion from the transplanted gland. We found that phenylephrine treatment significantly reversed the decrease in salivary secretion after transplantation, enhanced the expressions of alpha1A-, alpha1B-, and alpha1D-adrenoceptor mRNA, and ameliorated atrophy of acinar cells. Furthermore, phenylephrine also induced translocation of aquaporin-5 from the cytoplasm to the apical membrane, and increased the levels of phospho-ERK1/2, ERK1/2, phospho-PKCzeta, and PKCzeta in the transplanted gland. These results indicate that phenylephrine treatment moderates structural injury and improves secretory function in the transplanted submandibular gland through promoting alpha1-adrenoceptor expression and post-receptor signal transduction.