The Yellow River, which is the second largest river in China, is regarded as the world's largest contributor of fluvial sediment load to the ocean. In recent decades, the dramatic reduction in water discharge and sediment load due to climate change and human activities in the drainage basin has greatly constrained the evolution process of Yellow River delta. We highlight how runoff and sediment load discharged into sea affected extension of shoreline length and area of modern Yellow River delta during 1976–2009 based on remote sensing interpretation and long-term monitoring data in hydrological station. Average runoff of 207.47 × 10<sup>8</sup> m<sup>3</sup> year<sup>−1</sup> and average sediment load of 4.63 × 10<sup>8</sup> m<sup>3</sup> year<sup>−1</sup> were discharged into the sea from 1976 to 2008. The annual runoff reduced by ~59.7% in 1990–2002 and annual sediment load reduction up to ~72.1% in 2003–2008. Both shoreline length and area of Yellow River Delta extended overall in the studied period, but with decreasing rates in accordance with changes of runoff and sediment load. High increasing rate of shoreline length of ~3.63 km year<sup>−1</sup> and quick area extension of ~16.26 km<sup>2</sup> year<sup>−1</sup> were observed in 1976–1985. Since 1996 however, the average increase rate of shoreline length and area decreased to ~0.80 km year<sup>−1</sup> and ~3.94 km<sup>2</sup> year<sup>−1</sup>, respectively. In addition, the fluctuated changes of shoreline and area were great and the net negative increase of land area was occurred during this period. There exist significant exponential relationships between the accumulated sediment load and extensions of shoreline length and the area during the evolution of the modern Yellow River Delta. Our results indicate that the evolution of shoreline and change of area of the Yellow River Delta are directly affected by the dramatic reduction of runoff and sediment load, which are much close related human being activities in Yellow River drainage basin in recent decades
The 13 C(α,n) 16 O reaction is the main neutron source for the slow-neutron-capture (s-) process in Asymptotic Giant Branch stars and for the intermediate (i-) process. Direct measurements at astrophysical energies in above-ground laboratories are hindered by the extremely small cross sections and vast cosmic-ray induced background. We performed the first consistent direct measurement in the range of E c.m. =0.24 MeV to 1.9 MeV using the accelerators at the China Jinping Underground Laboratory (CJPL) and Sichuan University. Our measurement covers almost the entire i-process Gamow window in which the large uncertainty of the previous experiments has been reduced from 60% down to 15%, eliminates the large systematic uncertainty in the extrapolation arising from the inconsistency of existing data sets, and provides a more reliable reaction rate for the studies of the s-and i-processes along with the first direct determination of the alpha strength for the near-threshold state.
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