The concentration vs composition diagram of aggregate formation of the dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB) and didodecyldimethylammonium bromide (DDAB) mixture in aqueous solution at rather dilute region was constructed by analyzing the surface tension, turbidity, and electrical conductivity data and inspected by cryo-TEM images and dynamic light scattering data. Although the aqueous solution of DTAB forms only micelles, the transition from monomer to small aggregates and then to vesicle was found at 0.1 < X2

The gamma delta T-cell receptor-positive (gamma delta TCR+) lymphocytes were markedly expanded up to 68% of peripheral blood lymphocytes in a case with type I autoimmune polyglandular syndrome and pure red blood cell aplasia (PRCA). The gamma delta TCR+ cells showed CD4 negative, 16% dim-CD8 positive and 10% to 46% human leukocyte antigen-D-related (HLA-DR) positive, and exhibited no monoclonality as assessed by the patterns of TCR gene rearrangements. Functional studies revealed that the proliferative responses of the patient's peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were severely depressed to candida antigen, alloantigens, and autoantigens (non-T cells). The gamma delta TCR+ cells had no suppressive effect on the proliferative response of the alpha beta TCR+ cells to candida. The patient's PBMC, isolated gamma delta TCR+ cells but not alpha beta TCR+ cells, exhibited non-major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted cytotoxicity. Furthermore, the patient's PBMC and isolated gamma delta TCR+ cells inhibited burst- forming units-erythroid (BFU-E), but not colony-forming units/granulocyte-macrophage (CFU-GM). Supernatants derived from the patient's T cells similarly inhibited BFU-E but not CFU-GM. The clinical course of the patient also showed a close correlation between the decreased number of total lymphocyte counts, especially HLA-DR + gamma delta TCR+ cell counts, and recovery from PRCA. These observations suggest that the gamma delta TCR+ cells might be functional in vivo and involved in the pathogenesis of PRCA in this patient.

Although murine γδ T cells are largely considered innate immune cells, they have recently been reported to form long-lived memory populations. Much remains unknown about the biology and specificity of memory γδ T cells. Here, we interrogated intestinal memory Vγ4Vδ1 T cells generated after foodborne Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) infection to uncover an unanticipated complexity in the specificity of these cells. Deep TCR sequencing revealed that a subset of non-canonical Vδ1 clones are selected by Lm infection, consistent with antigen-specific clonal expansion. Ex vivo stimulations and in vivo heterologous challenge infections with diverse pathogenic bacteria revealed that Lm -elicited memory Vγ4Vδ1 T cells are broadly reactive. The Vγ4Vδ1 T cell recall response to Lm, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (STm) and Citrobacter rodentium was largely mediated by the γδTCR as internalizing the γδTCR prevented T cell expansion. Both broadly-reactive canonical and pathogen-selected non-canonical Vδ1 clones contributed to memory responses to Lm and STm. Interestingly, some non-canonical γδ T cell clones selected by Lm infection also responded after S Tm infection, suggesting some level of cross-reactivity. These findings underscore the promiscuous nature of memory γδ T cells and suggest that pathogen-elicited memory γδ T cells are potential targets for broad-spectrum anti-infective vaccines.

Similar to the superantigens encoded by endogenous mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) proviruses (Acha-Orbea et al. 1993), infectious MMTVs express superantigens, which are recognized by particular Tcrb-V in the context of MHC class II molecules . Choi and coworkers (1991) and Acha-Orbea and co-workers (1991) have reported independently that MMTV(C3H) and MMTV(GR) encode superantigens which interact with T cells expressing Tcr-V~314. Both retroviral superantigens require exclusively MHC class II H2E expression for presentation and clonal deletion, and do not induce vigorous T-cell proliferation (Held et al. 1992).We injected partially purified virus particles from the milk of RIII mice or II TES mice, which had been established by the crossbreeding of DBA/2 with strains of Japanese pet mouse origin (NBCS-II and CS), into the footpad of adult BALB/c or C57BL/6(B6), and the V~3 repertoire was examined in the popliteal LN cells 4 days after injection by flowcytometry. As shown in Figure 1, the V~314 T cells in CD4 + LN cells were increased in BALB/c mice 4 days after injection with the II-TES or RIII milk, while V[36 T cells were decreased in these mice, presum-The nucleotide sequence data reported in this paper have been submitted to the DDBJ nucleotide sequence database and have been assigned the accession number D38639 ably due to a dilution effect. V~314-specific MMTV (C3H) and MMTV (GR) were reported previously to induce only marginal expansion of the V[314 T cells followed by partial deletion of the reactive T cells after injection into adult mice (Choi et al. 1991;Acha-Orbea et al. 1991;Held et al. 1992). Our results, however, demonstrated that both MMTV(II-TES14) and MMTV (RIII) exhibited strong superantigen activity for expansion of the relevant T cells. Notably, the V~14 T cells were significantly increased in MHC class II H2E-B6 mice after injection with the II-TES milk (P <0.01) but not at all after injection with the RIII milk (Fig. 1). These results indicate that the II-TES milk