In the article, the authors consider the need to use geographic information systems and remote zoning data for better and more effective forest monitoring. Each plant on our planet has the ability to reflect or absorb light waves. As a technology for monitoring forests, the method of visualization of the normalized vegetation index (NDVI) is used, which is also called the relative index of vegetation. Today, NDVI is the most common index for solving problems using quantitative estimates of vegetation cover. Each range of values is able to identify a specific object. All spectral values are stored in a special database and are inextricably linked with the coordinates on the resulting map. Files with maps and spectral values are in HDF format. Satellite images that allow you to work with the NDVI index are created using various instruments, one of which is a scanning image sensor – MODIS spectroradiometer. The introduction of the proposed technology will significantly increase the mobility and effectiveness of monitoring. The implementation of remote sensing results in the analysis of the state of forests based on the use of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) is based on the interconnectedness of surface estimates and analytical interpretation of satellite images. The user gets the opportunity to select the format of the exported file, as well as highlighting the desired section of the observed area. The necessary spectra are filtered to find NDVI and other vegetation indices.
The article considers the main approaches to providing information support for improving forest management on the territory, taking into account the most up-to-date experience, modern approaches and implementing sustainable forestry management based on the data of remote sensing and geoinformational modelling. To identify the state of vegetation in the area under analysis, the authors of the article propose to introduce the definition of a normalized differential vegetation index. A characteristic feature of vegetation and its state is spectral reflectivity, which is characterized by substantial differences in reflecting radiation from different wavelengths. To obtain the necessary MODIS packages, we used the LAADS DAAC service supported by NASA. The data of this service are freely accessible, convenient for the user, and they are taken from a large number of satellites and their spectra. The optimal option for solving the tasks of compiling NDVI maps is using the geographic information system QGIS. Among the main advantages of this GIS we can consider user-friendliness and its multi-platform basis. For proper visualization of the NDVI map, a special discrete scale of values is used, the purpose of which is to differentiate between organic and non-organic nature, as well as determine the density of vegetation. The introduction of the proposed technology will significantly increase the mobility and effectiveness of forest management.
This paper reviews water swelling of rubber, based on nitrile-butadiene rubber, modified by polyacrylamide and copolymer acrylamide with potassium acrylate, also their combination with sodium-carboxymethyl cellulose. During the exposure for 14 days at a temperature of 67 °С swelling ratio in water is 200 % and 47 % in 10 % aqueous solution of sodium chloride.
This article examines the development of water-swellable rubbers for oil and gas production packer equipment. The object of the investigation is to document the effect of rubber's acrylonitrile content on the swelling of the elastomers modified with sodium-carboxymethyl cellulose and a copolymer of acrylamide and potassium acrylate. After testing the samples at room temperature, the most influential factor in a material's swelling was discovered to be the mineral content in the liquids imitating well fluids. NBR polarity stemming from the inherent CN-group level was not explicitly detected to affect the swelling rate and maximum ratio under the described conditions of the experiment. It was determined that in sodium chloride aqueous solutions with concentrations from 3 to 22%, swelling of nitrile rubber mostly depends on its cross-linking degree.
The article presents the results of the movement of Russian engineering on the path of new industrialization. The main trends of industrial production in the group of developed countries, BRIC countries, MIST are highlighted. The authors compare the structure of industrial exports in the USA, China and Russia. The factors preventing the Russian industry from reaching the starting point of new industrialization are highlighted.. Analyzed indicators, processes, trends in the development of the engineering industry in Russia. The main causes of the current state of engineering in Russia are identified. The article proposes the basic conditions for the development of machine-building industry in Russia on the way of new industrialization.
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