Background: We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the accuracy of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography with computer tomography (18F-FDG PET/CT) for detection of regional lymph node metastasis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in per-patient and per-nodal station basis. Methods: Electronic databases were researched for studies assessing the sensitivity and specificity of PET/ CT to detect the regional lymph node metastasis published between January 2006 and December 2017 on esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. STATA software was performed to assess the sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio (PLR), negative likelihood ratio (NLR), diagnostic odd ratio (DOR) and summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC) curve. The Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies 2 (QUADAS-2) and Deeks' Funnel Plot Asymmetry Test were performed to evaluate the study quality and publication bias of included studies. Results: Nineteen studies were eligible for meta-analysis, comprising 1,089 patients with esophageal cancer who underwent 18F-FDG PET/CT before surgery. According to the content of the article, we divided the selected studies into per-patient basis group and per-nodal basis group (one of the articles was involved in both groups). For the per-nodal station basis group (12 studies, 5,681 stations), the pooled sensitivity and specificity estimates of 18F-FDG PET/CT for detecting regional lymph node metastasis were 66% [95% confidence interval (CI): 51-78%] and 96% (95% CI: 92-98%), respectively. The corresponding values on a per-patient basis group (8 studies; 506 patients) were 65% (95% CI: 49-78%) and 81% (95% CI: 69-89%) in sensitivity and specificity, respectively. Conclusions: Overall, 18F-FDG PET/CT have a moderate to low sensitivity and a high to moderate specificity for detection of regional nodal metastasis in esophageal cancer. Therefore, since the false rate is considerable, extending the extent of lymph node dissection or radiotherapy target volume is necessary after diagnosis of regional nodal metastasis by 18F-FDG PET/CT.
The study identified moped rider violation behavior leading to conflicts and crashes to help guide future countermeasure development. Mopeds (electric bicycles and light motorcycles) are a commonly used personal transportation mode in China, and moped crashes are increasing rapidly. This increase in crashes may be attributable to certain traffic behavior of moped riders. Video recordings were used to acquire data on moped riders' violation behavior and the violation behavior of bicycle, tricycle, and motorcycle riders at signalized intersections. One hundred twenty-five min of video were recorded from 10 intersections, and rider behavior was coded from 1,455 vehicles. Video data showed that moped riders committed more violations than did riders of bicycles, tricycles, and electric bicycles and that moped riders who engaged in violation behavior at intersections were involved in more frequent and more severe conflicts than were moped riders who did not engage in violation behavior. Typical moped violation behavior included running red lights, riding in improper directions, waiting at improper positions, riding in improper lanes, and overloading. Violation behavior was closely associated with the traffic environment (traffic facilities, traffic flow, traffic signal status, and other riders' behavior), but not with either the vehicle's characteristics or the rider's characteristics. This difference suggests that countermeasures related to the traffic environment would be more effective than those related to either vehicle or rider characteristics. Countermeasures within the areas of traffic regulation, traffic management, traffic facilities, vehicle management, and rider education are proposed.
Direct torque control (DTC) system is currently one of the favourable control schemes for ac motor drives since it has the important advantage that system performance is not dependent on the motor parameters except the stator resistance. However, if the stator resistance varies due to heating, the performance of the system will suffer if the stator resistance value used in calculating the stator flux does not match the actual one. The compensation for the effect of the variation of stator resistance then becomes necessary. This paper describes a fuzzy observer, which can estimate the stator resistance online, according to the actual stator current, motor speed and operation time. The fuzzy observer for stator resistance proposed in this paper is applicable not only in the DTC systems of induction and permanent magnet motors but also in other type of motor drive systems.
Mopeds, experiencing faster growth of use than bicycles, have been swarming urban streets in China in recent years. The mixture of mopeds and bicycles in the same road space has led to great change in the composition and the traffic flow characteristics of nonmotorized traffic. It is impractical to measure the nonmotorized traffic flow by simply aggregating the vehicle counts of mopeds and bicycles because of their distinct temporal–spatial traffic features. This paper proposes a methodology to measure the normalized volume of a nonmotorized traffic mix of mopeds and bicycles. A bicycle equivalent (BE) concept is introduced to measure the moped in equivalent bicycle units and then to normalize the traffic flow mix. Two BE analysis methods that express the relationship between speeds, densities, and occupied spaces for mopeds and bicycles have been developed. A case study estimates the BE from these methods by using field data collected at a midblock section of an arterial in Shanghai. Statistical analysis of observed data shows that the estimated equivalent unit of moped to bicycle is variable under different traffic conditions. Specifically, the equivalent value of moped to bicycle is less than one under lower-density conditions. The value is, however, more than one under higher-density conditions. These findings are valuable to support the measurement of a nonmotorized traffic mix of mopeds and bicycles.
Application of non-pneumatic tire (NPT) has been increased during the last decade. The aerodynamic characteristics of the wheel with NPT has been studied due to significance on improvement of handling and reduction of fuel consumption. In this paper, first, an original NPT model was simulated by CATIA software, and the influence of NPT structural parameters on aerodynamic characteristics was studied by Fluent software. The simulation calculation results showed that: the reduction of tire width and spoke length, and the increase of spoke thickness can effectively decrease aerodynamic coefficient. Then, the MIRA model was used to study the influence of NPT on aerodynamic characteristics of the whole vehicle under driving conditions. Studies showed that: NPT increased the resistance of the whole vehicle, and 63.1% of the resistance at the wheels was provided by the front wheels. Finally, the wind tunnel test was conducted to study aerodynamic characteristics of the optimized NPT model under static conditions and verify the simulation calculation.
Anti-angiogenic therapy has been used for the treatment of a number of solid tumors in clinic, however, survival benefit is often limited due to development of tumor resistance to the therapy. In previous studies, we developed a mouse Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) tumor model that is resistant to anti-VEGF therapy. In this model, we identified that Interleukin 11 (IL11) was among the most significantly upregulated genes in the resistant tumors. In current study, we demonstrated that IL11 was a pro-angiogenic factor and played a key role in the development of resistance to anti-VEGF therapy in LLC tumor. IL11 could effectively induce HUVEC proliferation, migration and capillary tube formation in vitro. It enhanced expression of MMP9 in endothelial cells. The conditioned medium from the resistant LLC cell culture could induce HUVEC migration, even VEGF was blocked, and this effect was attenuated by recombinant IL11 decoy receptor, an IL-11 inhibitor. Furthermore, combination therapy of anti-VEGF agent and IL11 blockade exhibited enhanced anti-tumor activity in lung cancer model. In addition, based on bioinformatics analysis on over 500 RNA-seq data deposited to The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), we found that IL11 was highly expressed in various tumor types in patients. Data showed that high IL11 can predict a poor outcome in the lung cancer. The patients with the lower IL11 expression have significantly longer median survival time than those with higher expression. These findings support a role of IL11 signal as a compensatory angiogenic pathway that might trigger tumor resistance to anti-VEGF treatment. Therapeutically targeting IL11 could have a value in overcoming tumor resistance to anti-VEGF therapy. Citation Format: Jie Li, Kun Xie, Shenglin Mei, Yuanjian Xu, Hua Gu, Dong Li, Kaiming Chen, Fei Tao, Jiya Eerdeng, Jianmin Fang. IL11 mediates tumor resistance to anti-VEGF therapy in lung cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1814. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-1814
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.