ABSTRACT. The endangered perennial plant Annamocarya sinensis (Dode) Leroy is a tertiary relict tree restricted to southeastern China and northern Vietnam. To explore endangerment mechanisms, develop protection strategies, and guide reintroduction efforts for this species, we investigated genetic diversity and population structure by surveying 70 individuals from three distinct populations using 12 polymorphic microsatellite markers. We found high genetic diversity for A. sinensis as indicated by high allelic diversity (allelic number = 4.667 ± 0.436, effective number of alleles = 2.913 ± 0.249), excess heterozygosity (observed heterozygosity = 0.586 ± 0.039, expected heterozygosity = 0.582 ± 0.029), and low fixation index (-0.028 ± 0.057). Our research revealed low genetic differentiation (F ST = 0.066 ± 0.011) and no correlation between genetic distance and geographic distance. Analysis of molecular variance attributed 87% of the variance to differences within the population, whereas 13% was distributed among populations. The protection strategy should aim to protect as many populations as possible. Promoting sexual reproduction among various genotypes and establishing an outcrossing program are advisable for A. sinensis.
ABSTRACT. Eucommia ulmoides Oliver, one of the tertiary relict species found only in China, is the only extant species of Eucommiaceae. Using inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) and sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) markers, we studied the genetic diversity and population genetic structure of 187 accessions from 17 E. ulmoides populations throughout its main distribution in China. A total of 65 bands were amplified using eight ISSR primers, of which 50 bands (76.9%) were polymorphic. Meanwhile, another 244 bands were observed using eight SRAP primer combinations and 163 (66.8%) of these were polymorphic. The analysis of molecular variation (AMOVA) indicated that 88.8 and 92.4% of the total variation resided within populations based on ISSR and SRAP analysis, respectively. Moreover, we found that the E. ulmoides populations were clustered into six distinct groups using ISSR and SRAP markers via the unweighted pair-group method (UPGMA). Furthermore, STRUCTURE analysis showed that these 17 populations could be classified into four groups using ISSR markers, but only two groups using SRAP markers. No 2471-2483 (2015) significant relevancy was observed between genetic and geographic distances among the sampled populations. The results of this study support the view that exchange of seeds among local farmers plays an important role in shaping the present genetic distribution pattern. "Core collection" is suggested for genetic diversity conservation of E. ulmoides in China.
Mulberry is an economically important plant in the sericulture industry and traditional medicine. However, the genetic and evolutionary history of mulberry remains largely unknown. Here, this work presents the chromosome‐level genome assembly of Morus atropurpurea (M. atropurpurea), originating from south China. Population genomic analysis using 425 mulberry accessions reveal that cultivated mulberry is classified into two species, M. atropurpurea and M. alba, which may have originated from two different mulberry progenitors and have independent and parallel domestication in north and south China, respectively. Extensive gene flow is revealed between different mulberry populations, contributing to genetic diversity in modern hybrid cultivars. This work also identifies the genetic architecture of the flowering time and leaf size. In addition, the genomic structure and evolution of sex‐determining regions are identified. This study significantly advances the understanding of the genetic basis and domestication history of mulberry in the north and south, and provides valuable molecular markers of desirable traits for mulberry breeding.
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