This study aimed to examine the prevalence and trends of overweight, obesity and undernutrition in recent decades in India. Based on a systematic literature search on PubMed and other data sources, most published studies were regional or local surveys in urban areas, while good representative data from the India National Family Health Surveys (NFHS, 1992-1993, 1998-1999 and 2005-2006) allowed for examining the trends at the national level. Overall, the available data showed that in India, prevalence of overweight was low while that of undernutrition remained high. Overweight was more prevalent among female, urban and high-socioeconomic-status (SES) groups. NFHS data showed that the prevalence of overweight in women and pre-school children did not increase much in the last decade: 10.6% and 1.6% in 1998-1999 to 12.6% and 1.5% in 2005-2006 respectively. As for underweight, NFHS 2005-2006 showed high prevalence among ever-married women (about 35%) and pre-school children (about 42%). The prevalence of overweight and obesity had increased slightly over the past decade in India, but in some urban and high-SES groups it reached a relatively high level. Factors associated with undernutrition need closer examination, and prevention of obesity should be targeted at the high-risk groups simultaneously.
Due to potential genetic differences between CO- and CO+ groups, empowering U.S. adults with central obesity to make related behavioral changes may be especially effective in improving their vitamin D status and metabolic profile.
Aims: Neck circumference (NC) is a simple and reliable anthropometric measurement for estimating obesity. Sarcopenic obesity is a distinct condition of sarcopenia in the context of obesity, with the cumulative health risks of both phenotypes. This study was aimed to explore the association between NC and sarcopenic obesity in a Shanghai community population. Methods: The study included 1542 participants (622 men and 920 women) with mean age of 58.1 ± 7.06 years who underwent complete examinations at baseline in 2013-2014 and received a re-examination in 2015-2016. An automatic bioelectric impedance analyser (BIA) was used to measure body compositions. Relative skeletal muscle index was calculated using the BIA equation from Janssen et al. The abdominal fat distribution, including visceral fat area (VFA), was assessed by magnetic resonance imaging. Elevated NC was defined as NC ≥ 38.5 cm in men and NC ≥ 34.5 cm in women. The definition of sarcopenic obesity combined low muscle mass (skeletal muscle mass index of 1 SD below the sex-specific mean value) with obesity which defined according to overall adiposity or fat distribution as body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25 kg/m2, fat% ≥ 25% in men and 30% in women, or VFA ≥ 80cm2, respectively. Results: Subjects with elevated NC had a higher incidence of sarcopenic obesity in both men and women regardless of adiposity status assessed by BMI, fat%, or VFA (all P < 0.001). During the follow up, higher cumulative incidence of sarcopenic obesity was found in those with elevated NC (all P < 0.001). For each 1 cm increase in NC, multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios of sarcopenic obesity in which adiposity status assessed by high BMI were 1.40 (1.11-1.76) in men and 1.32 (1.13-1.56) in women; besides, the association assessed by high fat% or high VFA remained in both men and women. Conclusion: NC was closely associated with the incidence of sarcopenic obesity, which suggested that it could be helpful to screening sarcopenic obesity in a community-based population. Disclosure Y.Xu: None. T.Hu: None. Y.Shen: None. Y.Wang: None. X.Ma: None. Y.Bao: None.
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